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"("7 J' ?1ܾ!v"Gh6FŪua)y{d&7Fs9R"2JaqX( ;   Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0!Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0"Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0 (Document Word.Document.80.Microsoft Word Document/ 00DArialew Romanll?@hAC*EGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklm4R$*gn^ lATL' 2$<=Rǥ-A#[ "$Kp'{t4+ Q2$Rq]Hy|*2$tr3@J@GF,2$bi2#AuX:2$!HnfH+7OλH 0AA @3ʚ;ʚ;g4idid T0vppp@  <4dddd8O$0l80___PPT10 I lMeasuring the Extent and Depth of Food Insecurity: An Application to American Indians in the United States*mm(Craig Gundersen Iowa State University * This work is funded through a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service through the University of Arizona, American Indian Studies Program *(()%Structure of PresentationBackground on food insecurity in the United States A different methodology to measure food insecurity Background on the food insecurity status of American Indians in the United States Application of this new methodology to measuring the food insecurity status of American Indians*'&Defining Food Insecurity in the U. S.''(A household is defined as food insecure if they face limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways A household is defined as food insecure with hunger if they face the uneasy or painful sensation caused by a lack of food and the recurrent and involuntary lack of access to food.++)Definitions of Food Insecurity Categories**(LA household is placed into either of the above two categories based on responses to 18 questions on the Core Food Security Module (CFSM) Examples of questions  I worried whether our food would run out before we got money to buy more  Did you or the other adults in your household ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn t enough money for food  Were you ever hungry but did not eat because you couldn t afford enough food  Did a child in the household ever not eat for a full day because you couldn t afford enough food FZZJ <85)Definitions of Food Insecurity Categories**(Food Secure 2 or fewer affirmative responses Food Insecure 3 or more affirmative responses Food Insecure with Hunger 8 or more affirmative responses (households with children) 6 or more affirmative responses (households without children)  !     y  ! y96,(&Reasons for Looking at Food Insecurity''(GSerious consequences in own right can lead to poor growth in children; osteoporosis in adults; inability to function in school; increased risk of infectious diseases; higher infant mortality rates Policy food assistance programs are designed to ameliorate food insecurity Not completely characterized by income nutrient intakesD D   -)BContrasted with Food Insecurity/Hunger in Developing World ContextCC(VSeverity Type of measures total available food supply at a household level, calories *=(=$.*&Limitations of Food Insecurity Measure''(Ignores information inherent in multiple questions Ignores (to a large extent) the depth and severity of food insecurity Robustness of conclusions/,NotationLet N = {1,& , n} denote the set of all households under consideration. For all iN, let si denote the food indicator (FI) for household i where si [0, z] for every iN. For every household i, the food insecurity index (FII) for i is defined to be 0 if si e and it is defined to be (si  e) if si > e. The normalized food insecurity index (NFII) for a household i, to be denoted by di, is given by di = [si  e]/[z  e] if si > e di = 0 if si e. 2ZBZZQ   $      -       P6V W   0-NotationDLet d denote the degree of food insecurity suffered by the group, N, of all households. We assume that d is a (real valued) function of d1,& ,dn. We shall call such a function a an aggregation rule. Thus, an aggregation rule is a function D: [0, 1]n R. We write: d = D (d1, & ,dn) #B1.Desirable PropertiesNormalization: For all (d1, & ,dn) [0, 1]n, [if di = 0 for all iN, then d = 0] and [if di = 1 for all iN, then d = 1]. Anonymity: For all (d1, & ,dn), (d 1, & ,d n) [0, 1]n, and, for all i, jN, if [di = d j], [dj = d i] and [for all tN  {i, j}, dt = d t], then d = d . Monotonicity: For all (d1, & ,dn), (d 1, & ,d n) [0, 1]n, if [di d i for all i N ] and [di > d i for some i N ], then d > d , where d = D(d1, & ,dn) and d = D(d 1, & ,d n). Transfer: For all (d1, & ,dn), (d 1, & ,d n) [0, 1]n, and all distinct i, jN, if [( for all p N  {i, j}, dp = d p) and (di > dj > 0 and, for some d > 0, d i = di+ d and d j = dj - d > 0) and (for all p, qN, dp dq if and only if d p d q)], then d > d. ,ZZ                                                              )  - 2  Food Insecurity MeasuresClass of measures discussed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984): a=0  food insecurity rate&bE$2 '#"$ Food Insecurity MeasuresClass of measures discussed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984): a=0  food insecurity rate a=1  food insecurity gap:|E$$2 A%#&!Food Insecurity Measures:Class of measures discussed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984): a=0  food insecurity rate a=1  food insecurity gap a=2  squared food insecurity gap:E$$<2 c'$&Food Insecurity among American Indians''(PTo date, no systematic study at national level of food insecurity among American Indians have been numerous studies on individual reservations Reason to suspect high levels of food insecurity dire economic conditions close connection between food insecurity and negative economic conditions studies on reservations have found high ratesY61J.Y61J.64Description of DatatTaken from the 2001, 2002, and 2003 December supplements of the Current Population Survey (CPS) combining these years due to limited numbers of American Indians on any given year Definition of American Indian in 2001 and 2002, a household where the household head responds that he or she is  American Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo is defined as American Indian in 2003, a household where the household head responds that he or she is  American Indian or Alaskan ,  white and American Indian,  black and American Indian, ,  American Indian and Asian ,  white, black, and American Indian,  white, American Indian, and Asian, or  white, black, American Indian, and Asian is defined as American Indian l`ZSZZZ`bSbbb  203/41 Multivariate Models$ Multivariate Modeldi=di* if di*>0; di = 0 otherwise di*=AMERICANINDIANi +NONMETROi+ Xi+Yi+Zi +i where AMERICANINDIAN=1 if a household is headed by an American Indian, 0 otherwise NONMETRO=1 if a household lives in a nonmetro area, 0 otherwise X is a vector of variables reflecting non-economic characteristics of the household Y is a vector reflecting economic characteristics of the household Z is a vector year fixed effects  is an error termHZ          "         "  UD""  l5273Alternative SpecificationsMChange in definition of American Indian in 2003 reestimated using same definition in 2003 as used in previous years no substantive change in results Interaction term between American Indian and living in a non-metro area changes in results for lower-income households without children the effect of being an American Indian on food insecurity is now insignificant interaction term is significant and positive for lower-income households with children the effect of being an American Indian on food insecurity with hunger is still insignificant interaction term is significant and negative0PePHPP-P}P*PP0eH-  }  *0 Future ResearchQAnalyze other groups with higher than average food insecurity rates Consider analyses with this theoretical framework within other data sets have the CFSM in particular, for American Indians Use other income-based poverty measures Analyze the effect of living on-or-off a Reservation on food insecurity probability of food insecurity`$b/b$bbb/# /:7Future Future Research HFood assistance participation rates among American Indians in comparison to non-American Indians concentrate on Food Stamp Program Food Distribution Programs on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) Surveys of rural areas American Indians on Reservations American Indians off Reservations non-American Indians living near Reservations|<6Oq<6; b q; /<=>?@ABCDE F G H I JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,3|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> D(    6ٓ " `}  T Click to edit Master title style! !$  0ܓ " `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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F>+[W_D* ' 2= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3f%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*f%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +P 0 Ph(  ~  s *j7 `}  7   s * l7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? ̙33 ___PPT10.+} <D' 2= @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 + 0 P(  r  S 7 `}  7   S  7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10` .!+[W_D ' 2= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'%(+8+0+0 + 0 P(  r  S p7 `}  7   S 7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.4!Y+FDE' 2= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* -%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-;%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*;[%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[u%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*u%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +0 (  X  0A? H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.5!pr+D=' 2= @B + 0 `h(  ~  s *7 `}  7   s *7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? ̙33f^___PPT10>.+} <D' 2= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*07%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7H%(+8+0+0 +  0 ph(  ~  s *7 `}  7   s *7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? ̙33R J ___PPT10* .+} <D' 2= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7W%(+8+0+0 +0 |(  `  c $A  ??@LS    <7r p2Household Food Insecurity and Hunger Rates in 2004"30 3H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 2= @B +   0 PP(  r  S 7 `}  7   S 7 `<$0 7 H  0޽h ? 33me___PPT10E.O+D' 2= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3y%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*y%(+8+0+0 + 0 hf(  h. h  AH h 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D+D=' 2= @B +s  0 \(  x  c $; `}  ;   c $ ; `<$0 ; H  0޽h ? 33O G ___PPT10' .`+[W_D ' 2= @B D~ ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +   0 \(  x  c $\E; `}  ;   c $F; `<$0 ; H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10. ?+[W_D1' 2= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Z%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Z %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* #%(+8+0+0 +   0 \(  x  c $W; `}  ;   c $X; `<$0 ; H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .0_a+[W_D* ' 2= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*{%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*{%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +  0 0t.(  tr t S }; `}  ;  t S @; `<$0 ; ^ t 6p t c &A ??"?pP  H t 0޽h ? 33$___PPT10.b+[W_D' 2= @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tD%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tGb%(+8+0+t0 +0 )(  .   A  <;g "  O;Level of food insecurity is the same in all three scenariosH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D+D=' 2= @B +g 0 ~v(  x  c $; `}  ; x  c $; ` ; ^  6p  c &A ??"?pP  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.b+D=' 2= @B +0 r(  .   A  <;g bU  Level of food insecurity is higher in scenarios 2 and 3 than in scenario 1 Level of food insecurity is the same in scenarios 2 and 3H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D+D=' 2= @B +g 0 ~v(  x  c $x; `}  ; x  c $; ` ; ^  6p  c &A ??"?pP  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.b+D=' 2= @B +0  V(  .   A  <;g R  |hLevel of food insecurity is highest in scenario 3, next highest in scenario 2, and lowest in scenario 1H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.D+D=' 2= @B + 0 lP(  lr l S p; `}  ;  l S ; `<$0 ; H l 0޽h ? 33___PPT10p.'+D ' 2= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*lY%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*lY%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l#%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l#Q%(+8+0+l0 + 0 P(  r  S ; `}  ;   S L; `<$0 ; H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .2!+Ds ' 2= @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(+8+0+0 +#30 :222@I+z1(  x1  +z #">2 WXYWjXY x <L A?t e0.046.(' @` x <`A? t g0.084**.(' @` x <A?   e0.017.(' @` x <$A?  g0.050**.(' @` x <3A? d=2, ' @` x <=A?t@ e0.077.(' @` x < HA? @t g0.134**.(' @` x <BA? @  e0.030.(' @` x <[A?@  g0.078**.(' @` x <eA?@ d=1, ' @` x <X`A?t @ e0.185.(' @` x <tyA?  t@ g0.277**.(' @` x <ȃA? @ e0.076.(' @` x <,~A? @ g0.157**.(' @` x < A? @ d=0, ' @` x <A?   {Households without Children.(' @` x <HA?   R  @` x <A?t{   e0.035.(' @` ~x <A? { t  e0.039.(' @` }x <A? {   e0.015.(' @` |x <A?{  g0.024**.(' @` {x <A?{   d=2, ' @` ux <A?t" {  e0.093.(' @` tx <TA? " t{  e0.108.(' @` sx <pA? " {  e0.040.(' @` rx <B?" {  g0.066**.(' @` qx < B?" {  d=1, ' @` kx <B?t"  e0.345.(' @` jx <!B? t"  g0.417**.(' @` ix <+B?  "  e0.156.(' @` hx <L6B? "  g0.261**.(' @` gx <0B?"  d=0, ' @` cx <@JB?s xHouseholds with Children.(' @` bx <TB?s uFood Insecurity Measure, ' @` ax <NB?ts tNon-American Indians.(' @` `x <hB? ts qAmerican Indians .(' @` _x <tsB?  s tNon-American Indians.(' @` ^x <nB? s qAmerican Indians .(' @` ]x <B?s R  @` [x <lB?  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @` Yx <(B?  nAll Households.(' @` Xx <pB? R  @`M Sx <(B? yMeasures of Food Insecurity for American Indians and Non-American Indians, 2001-2003, by Income and Household Composition.z(y' @`ZB x s *8c ?ZB x s *8c ?TB x c $ ?TB x c $ ?ZB x s *1 ?TB x c $ ?TB x c $ ?ZB x s *1 ?TB x c $ ?  sTB x c $ ?ssZB x s *1 ?ssTB x c $ ?  sTB x c $ ?ttsTB x c $ ?ZB x s *1 ?TB x c $ ?" " TB x c $ ?  TB x c $ ?   TB x c $ ?tt TB y c $ ?{ { TB @y c $ ?  TB y c $ ?  ZB y s *1 ?  TB y c $ ?@@TB y c $ ? TB y c $ ?  TB y c $ ?t tTB y c $ ?H x 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' B= @B +0 (  X  0A?H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.#! Б&+D=' B= @B +10 00IgS0(  0  g #">2 WXYWYXY  <B?t U0.025(C @`  < B? t V0.049*(C @`  <B?   U0.009(C @`  <4B?  W0.031**(C @`  <D? d=2, ' @`  << D?t/ U0.039(C @`   <LD? /t W0.073**(C @`   <h!D? /  U0.014(C @`   <@*D?/  W0.044**(C @`   <$4D?/ d=1, ' @`   <(=' @` + <LE?  nAll Households.(' @` , <eE? R  @`Y - <fE? Measures of Food Insecurity with Hunger for American Indians and Non-American Indians, 2001-2003, by Income and Household Composition.(' @`ZB . s *8c ?ZB / s *8c ?TB 0 c $ ?TB 1 c $ ?ZB 2 s *1 ?TB 3 c $ ?TB 4 c $ ?ZB 5 s *1 ?TB 6 c $ ?  sTB 7 c $ ?ssZB 8 s *1 ?ssTB 9 c $ ?  sTB : c $ ?ttsTB ; c $ ?ZB < s *1 ?TB = c $ ?" " TB > c $ ?  TB ? c $ ?   TB @ c $ ?tt TB A c $ ?{ { TB B c $ ?  TB C c $ ?  ZB D s *1 ?  TB E c $ ?//TB F c $ ? TB G c $ ?  TB H c $ ?t tTB I c $ ?H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' D= @B +0 0(  X  0A?H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.*!+D=' D= @B +" 0 91 (  x  c $E `}  E tF 0 0   0 0 ZB  s *Dp0 0 ZB  s *Dfp 0 0 ZB  s *Dp0 0 F p `    ` p  TB  c $Dp ` 0 TB  c $D0     <E 0 L  9%Questions about food security status  <EP| 7  Food Secure  <ФE   1Food Insecure without Hunger  <DE  .Food Insecure with HungerH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i._@~d+D=' D= @B +} 0 $(  r  S E `}  E r  S  <H?S v^  g0.025**.(' @` = <H?HvS  g0.058**.(' @` < <H?=vH  g0.232**.(' @` ; < H?v=  nAmerican Indian , ' @` 5 <I?=v xHouseholds with Children.(' @` 4 < I?=v R  @` # <I?^  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @`   <I?=^  nAll Households.(' @`  <(I?= R  @`  <2I?t% BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <,I?j%t 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  <GI?^ %j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <QI?S %^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <KI?H%S  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  <fI?=%H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <`I?%= R  @`  <qI?% A Effect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity, 2001-2003,B A' @`ZB e s *8c ?TB f c $o ?KKTB g c $ ? TB h c $ ? ZB j s *1 ?%%TB t c $ ?=TB v c $ ?=%= ZB x s *1 ?=TB y c $ ?H%HTB | c $ ?S %S TB  c $ ?^ %^ TB  c $ ?j%jTB  c $ ?t%tTB  c $ ?=ZB  s *1 ?=TB ʇ c $ ?v=vZB ͇ s *1 ?=vvTB Շ c $ ?  TB ۇ c $ ?HvHU TB ߇ c $ ?S vS U TB  c $ ?^ v^ U TB  c $ ?jvjU TB  c $ ?tvtU TB  c $ ?U U TB ( c $ ?i =i ZB , s *1 ?=i i ZB 9 s *1 ?  TB ? c $ ?Hi H TB C c $ ?S i S TB G c $ ?^ i ^ TB K c $ ?ji j TB O c $ ?ti t NB  S  ? KNB  S  ?= =KNB  S  ?H HKNB  S  ?S S KNB  S  ?^ ^ KNB  S  ?j jKNB  S  ?t tKNB  S  ? KH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0+D=' H= @B +950 P4H4PM3(  3 ~   #"6* 0  <P I?u ~ g(0.059).(' @`  <I?j u~ g(0.079).(' @`  <I?^ j~ g(0.153).(' @`  <I?S ^ ~ g(0.050).(' @`  <I?H S ~ g(0.070).(' @`  <|I?= H~ g(0.141).(' @`  <DI? =~ R  @`  <|I?uZ   g0.183**.(' @`  <I?jZ u  g0.247**.(' @`  <J?^ Z j  g0.475**.(' @`  <`I?S Z ^  g0.223**.(' @`  <J?HZ S  g0.304**.(' @`  <J?=Z H  g0.594**.(' @`  <J?Z =  mAmerican Indian, ' @`  < 4J?= Z  {Households without Children.(' @`  <.J? =Z  R  @`  <GJ?u8   g(0.025).(' @`  <DPJ?j8 u  g(0.051).(' @`  <ZJ?^ 8 j  g(0.181).(' @`  <TJ?S 8 ^  g(0.022).(' @`  <nJ?H8 S  g(0.047).(' @`  <xJ?=8 H  g(0.175).(' @`  <DhJ?8 =  R  @`  <TJ?u8  f-0.004.(' @`  <@J?ju8  f-0.004.(' @`  <(=' @` z <J?=^  nAll Households.(' @` y <J?= R  @` x <K?u BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` w <TK?ju 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` v < K?^ j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` u <!K?S ^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` t <+K?HS  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` s <6K?=H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` r <\1K?= R  @` k <AK? LEffect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity with Hunger, 2001-2003,M L' @`ZB  s *8c ?ZB  s *8c ?~~TB  c $ ?~TB  c $ ?~ZB  s *1 ?TB   c $ ?=TB  c $ ?==~ZB  s *1 ?=TB  c $ ?HHTB  c $ ?S S TB  c $ ?^ ^ TB  c $ ?jjTB  c $ ?uuTB ! c $ ?=ZB % s *1 ?=TB @ c $ ?=ZB C s *1 ?=TB K c $ ?8 8 TB Q c $ ?HH TB U c $ ?S S TB Y c $ ?^ ^ TB ] c $ ?jj TB a c $ ?uu TB f c $ ?  TB  c $ ?Z =Z ZB  s *1 ?=Z Z TB  c $ ?  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" t{  f0.120*.(' @` sx <pA? " {  e0.041.(' @` rx <B?" {  g0.077**.(' @` qx < B?" {  d=1, ' @` kx <B?t"  e0.348.(' @` jx <!B? t"  f0.417*.(' @` ix <+B?  "  e0.157.(' @` hx <L6B? "  g0.280**.(' @` gx <0B?"  d=0, ' @` cx <@JB?s xHouseholds with Children.(' @` bx <TB?s uFood Insecurity Measure, ' @` ax <NB?ts tNon-American Indians.(' @` `x <hB? ts qAmerican Indians .(' @` _x <tsB?  s tNon-American Indians.(' @` ^x <nB? s qAmerican Indians .(' @` ]x <B?s @ @` [x <lB?  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @` Yx <(B?  nAll Households.(' @` Xx <pB? @ @`M Sx <(B? yMeasures of Food Insecurity for American Indians and Non-American Indians, 2001-2004, by Income and Household Composition.z(y' @`ZB x s *8c ?ZB x s *8c ?TB x c $ ?TB x c $ ?ZB x s *1 ?TB x c $ ?TB x c $ ?ZB x s *1 ?TB x c $ ?  sTB x c $ ?ssZB x s *1 ?ssTB x c $ ?  sTB x c $ ?ttsTB x c $ ?ZB x s *1      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnqrtuvwxyz|}~ ?TB x c $ ?" " TB x c $ ?  TB x c $ ?   TB x c $ ?tt TB y c $ ?{ { TB @y c $ ?  TB y c $ ?  ZB y s *1 ?  TB y c $ ?@@TB y c $ ? TB y c $ ?  TB y c $ ?t tTB y c $ ?H x 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +0 l(  4  # A H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.#! Б&+D=' = @B +{10 00Ii"0(  /  g #">2 WXYWYXY  <B?t U0.026(C @`  < B? t V0.067*(C @`  <B?   U0.009(C @`  <4B?  W0.032**(C @`  <D? d=2, ' @`  << D?t/ U0.039(C @`   <LD? /t W0.095**(C @`   <h!D? /  U0.014(C @`   <@*D?/  W0.047**(C @`   <$4D?/ d=1, ' @`   <(=' @` + <LE?  nAll Households.(' @` , <eE? @ @`Y - <fE? Measures of Food Insecurity with Hunger for American Indians and Non-American Indians, 2001-2004, by Income and Household Composition.(' @`ZB . s *8c ?ZB / s *8c ?TB 0 c $ ?TB 1 c $ ?ZB 2 s *1 ?TB 3 c $ ?TB 4 c $ ?ZB 5 s *1 ?TB 6 c $ ?  sTB 7 c $ ?ssZB 8 s *1 ?ssTB 9 c $ ?  sTB : c $ ?ttsTB ; c $ ?ZB < s *1 ?TB = c $ ?" " TB > c $ ?  TB ? c $ ?   TB @ c $ ?tt TB A c $ ?{ { TB B c $ ?  TB C c $ ?  ZB D s *1 ?  TB E c $ ?//TB F c $ ? TB G c $ ?  TB H c $ ?t tTB I c $ ?H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +0 0l(  4  # AH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.*!+D=' = @B +} 0 $(  r  S E `}  E r  S  <H? v^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.010**"g @`U = <H?.v ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.024**"g @`U < <H?=v. ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.076**"g @` ; < H?v=  nAmerican Indian , ' @` 5 <I?=v xHouseholds with Children.(' @` 4 < I?=v @ @` # <I?^  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @`   <I?=^  nAll Households.(' @`  <(I?= @ @`  <2I?t% BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <,I?j%t 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  <GI?^ %j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <QI?S %^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <KI?H%S  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  <fI?=%H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <`I?%= @ @`  <qI?% A Effect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity, 2001-2003,B A' @`ZB e s *8c ?TB f c $o ?KKTB g c $ ? TB h c $ ? ZB j s *1 ?%%TB t c $ ?=TB v c $ ?=%= ZB x s *1 ?=TB y c $ ?H%HTB | c $ ?S %S TB  c $ ?^ %^ TB  c $ ?j%jTB  c $ ?t%tTB  c $ ?=ZB  s *1 ?=TB ʇ c $ ?v=vZB ͇ s *1 ?=vvTB Շ c $ ?  TB ۇ c $ ?.v. TB ߇ c $ ? v U TB  c $ ?^ v^ U TB  c $ ?jvjU TB  c $ ?tvtU TB  c $ ?U U TB ( c $ ?i =i ZB , s *1 ?=i Hi ZB 9 s *1 ?  TB C c $ ? i TB G c $ ?^ i ^ TB K c $ ?ji j TB O c $ ?ti t NB  S  ? KNB  S  ?= =KNB  S  ? KNB  S  ?^ ^ KNB  S  ?j jKNB  S  ?t tKNB  S  ? KZB  s *1 ?.i .KNB  S  ? . TB  c $ ?.  NB  S  ?U .U TB  c $ ?.U U NB  S  ?. .U TB  c $1 ?Hi i ZB  s *1 ?i i H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0+D=' = @B +A@0 X?P?PM>(  >   #"6* 0U  <P I?u+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.006)"g @`U  <I?j+u~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.007)"g @`U  <I?^ +j~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.013)"g @`U  <I?S +^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <I?H+S ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <|I?=+H~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.006)"g @`  <DI?+= @ @`U  <|I?ut +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.034**"g @`U  <I?jt u+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.045**"g @`U  <J?^ t j+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.078**"g @`U  <`I?S t ^ +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.019**"g @`U  <J?Ht S +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.026**"g @`U  <J?=t H+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.047**"g @`  <J?t =+ mAmerican Indian, ' @`  < 4J?= t  {Households without Children.(' @`  <.J? =t  @ @`U  <GJ?u  ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <DPJ?j u ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.004)"g @`U  <ZJ?^ j ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.014)"g @`U  <TJ?S ^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.001)"g @`U  <nJ?H S ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.002)"g @`U  <xJ?= H ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.007)"g @`  <DhJ? =  @ @`S  <TJ?uT ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Y0.004"g @`T  <@J?jTu ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Z0.009*"g @`T  <(=' @` z <J?=^  nAll Households.(' @` y <J?= @ @` x <K?u BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` w <TK?ju 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` v < K?^ j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` u <!K?S ^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` t <+K?HS  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` s <6K?=H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` r <\1K?= @ @` k <AK? LEffect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity with Hunger, 2001-2003,M L' @`ZB  s *8c ?ZB  s *8c ?TB  c $ ?TB  c $ ?ZB  s *1 ?TB   c $ ?=TB  c $ ?==ZB  s *1 ?=TB  c $ ?HHTB  c $ ?S S TB  c $ ?^ ^ TB  c $ ?jjTB  c $ ?uuTB ! c $ ?=ZB % s *1 ?=TB @ c $ ?T=TZB C s *1 ?=TTTB K c $ ?  TB Q c $ ?HTH TB U c $ ?S TS TB Y c $ ?^ T^ TB ] c $ ?jTj TB a c $ ?uTu TB f c $ ?  TB  c $ ?t =t ZB  s *1 ?=t t TB  c $ ?++TB  c $ ?Ht HTB  c $ ?S t S TB  c $ ?^ t ^ TB  c $ ?jt jTB  c $ ?ut uH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i..!@+D=' x = @B +` 0 pP(  r  S sK `}  K   S sK `<$0 K H  0޽h ? 33H@___PPT10 .1!ſ+D' x = @B Dw' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*9%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*9}%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*}%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4s%(+8+0+0 +rH  CA2@  D?791Xn\1<( ՜.+,0T    On-screen ShowIowa State University3d %ArialTimes New RomanSymbol굴림 Courier New Trebuchet MSblankMicrosoft Equation 3.0Microsoft Word DocumentyMeasuring the Extent, Depth, and Severity of Food Insecurity: An Application to American Indians in the United States* Structure of Presentation'Defining Food Insecurity in the U. S.*Definitions of Food Insecurity Categories*Definitions of Food Insecurity CategoriesSlide 6'Reasons for Looking at Food InsecuritySlide 8'Limitations of Food Insecurity Measure Slide 10Food Insecurity Measures Slide 12Food Insecurity Measures Slide 14Food Insecurity Measures Slide 16'Food Insecurity among American IndiansDescription of Data Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22Multivariate Model Slide 24 Slide 25Alternative SpecificationsFuture ResearchFuture Future Research  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles"_ 0cgundersencgundersen$$2 A%#&!Food Insecurity Measures:Class of measures discussed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984): a=0  food insecurity rate a=1  food insecurity gap a=2  squared food insecurity gap:E$$<2 c'$&Food Insecurity among American Indians''(PTo date, no systematic study at national level of food insecurity among American Indians have been numerous studies on individual reservations Reason to suspect high levels of food insecurity dire economic conditions close connection between food insecurity and negative economic conditions studies on reservations have found high ratesY61J.Y61J.64Description of DataTaken from the 2001 through 2004 December supplements of the Current Population Survey (CPS) combining these years due to limited numbers of American Indians on any given year Definition of American Indian in 2001 and 2002, a household where the household head responds that he or she is  American Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo is defined as American Indian in 2003 and 2004, a household where the household head responds that he or she is  American Indian or Alaskan ,  white and American Indian,  black and American Indian, ,  American Indian and Asian ,  white, black, and American Indian,  white, American Indian, and Asian, or  white, black, American Indian, and Asian is defined as American Indian l]ZSZZZ]bSbbb  203/41Multivariate Modeldi= AMERICANINDIANi+NONMETROi+Xi+Yi+Zi+ei where i denotes a household AMERICANINDIAN=1 if a household is headed by an American Indian, 0 otherwise NONMETRO=1 if a household lives in a nonmetro area, 0 otherwise X is a vector of variables reflecting non-economic characteristics of the household Y is a vector reflecting economic characteristics of the household Z is a vector of year fixed effects e is an error termZ&.&&&.& &.&&.&&.&&.&.UD8$*5273Alternative Specifications{Change in definition of American Indian in 2003 and 2004 reestimated using same definition in 2003 and 2004 as used in previous years no substantive change in results Interaction term between American Indian and living in a non-metro area for households without children, interaction term is significant and positive for households with children, interaction term is insignficantT9nH9nH,9 + Future ResearchQAnalyze other groups with higher than average food insecurity rates Consider analyses with this theoretical framework within other data sets have the CFSM in particular, for American Indians Use other income-based poverty measures Analyze the effect of living on-or-off a Reservation on food insecurity probability of food insecurity`$b/b$bbb/# /:7Future Future Research HFood assistance participation rates among American Indians in comparison to non-American Indians concentrate on Food Stamp Program Food Distribution Programs on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) Surveys of rural areas American Indians on Reservations American Indians off Reservations non-American Indians living near Reservations|<6Oq<6; b q; /<=>?@ABDE F JKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ[\  0 P(  r  S : `}  :   S : `<$0 : H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .2!+Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*b%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*b%(+8+0+0 +} 0 $(  r  S VE `}  E r  S WE ` E H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.~K+D=' = @B +L0 6K.KaJ(  ~  BhE0 J K  #"6* %?h&L%OKU  <E?. K~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.004)"g @`F  <E? .K~v0___PPT106___PPT9 L"g @`U  <TE?.i ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.040**"g @`F  <E?i . ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 L"g @`F  <E? .U ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 L"g @`U d <E?t K~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.007)"g @`U c <E?j tK~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.009)"g @`U b <E?^ jK~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.018)"g @`U a <E? ^ K~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`F ` <E?H K~v0___PPT106___PPT9 L"g @`U _ <E?= HK~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.008)"g @` ^ <PE? =K @ @`U ] <E?ti  ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.047**"g @`U \ <LE?ji t ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.064**"g @`U [ <I?^ i j ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.095**"g @`U Z <I? i ^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.028**"g @`F Y <I?Hi  ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 L"g @`U X <x#I?=i H ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.069**"g @` W <.I?i =  mAmerican Indian, ' @` Q <8I?=U i  {Households without Children.(' @` P <(AI?U =i  @ @`U H <lCI?t U ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.004)"g @`U G < <LI? v^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.010**"g @`U = <PI?.v ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.024**"g @`U < <I?=v. ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.076**"g @` ; <`I?v=  nAmerican Indian , ' @` 5 <I?=v xHouseholds with Children.(' @` 4 <I?=v @ @` # <I?^  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @`   <I?=^  nAll Households.(' @`  <0I?= @ @`  <J?t% BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <TJ?j%t 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  < J?^ %j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <!J?S %^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @`  <+J?H%S  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @`  <6J?=%H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @`  <\1J?%= @ @`  <AJ?% A Effect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity, 2001-2004,B A' @`ZB e s *8c ?TB f c $o ?KKTB g c $ ? TB h c $ ? ZB j s *1 ?%%TB t c $ ?=TB v c $ ?=%= ZB x s *1 ?=TB y c $ ?H%HTB | c $ ?S %S TB  c $ ?^ %^ TB  c $ ?j%jTB  c $ ?t%tTB  c $ ?=ZB  s *1 ?=TB ʇ c $ ?v=vZB ͇ s *1 ?=vvTB Շ c $ ?  TB ۇ c $ ?.v. TB ߇ c $ ? v U TB  c $ ?^ v^ U TB  c $ ?jvjU TB  c $ ?tvtU TB  c $ ?U U TB ( c $ ?i =i ZB , s *1 ?=i Hi ZB 9 s *1 ?  TB C c $ ? i TB G c $ ?^ i ^ TB K c $ ?ji j TB O c $ ?ti t NB  S  ? KNB  S  ?= =KNB  S  ? KNB  S  ?^ ^ KNB  S  ?j jKNB  S  ?t tKNB  S  ? KZB  s *1 ?.i .KNB  S  ? . TB  c $ ?.  NB  S  ?U .U TB  c $ ?.U U NB  S  ?. .U TB  c $1 ?Hi i ZB  s *1 ?i i H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.0+D=' 3= @B +A@0 X?P?PM>(  >   #"6* 0U  <xpJ?u+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.006)"g @`U  < ZJ?j+u~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.007)"g @`U  <ȅJ?^ +j~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.013)"g @`U  <J?S +^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <J?H+S ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <J?=+H~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.006)"g @`  <J?+= @ @`U  <J?ut +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.034**"g @`U  <TJ?jt u+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.045**"g @`U  <J?^ t j+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.078**"g @`U  <J?S t ^ +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.019**"g @`U  <|J?Ht S +~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.026**"g @`U  <pJ?=t H+~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.047**"g @`  <(J?t =+ mAmerican Indian, ' @`  <xJ?= t  {Households without Children.(' @`  <K? =t  @ @`U  <,K?u  ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.003)"g @`U  <K?j u ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.004)"g @`U  <"K?^ j ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.014)"g @`U  <@-K?S ^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.001)"g @`U  <\5K?H S ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.002)"g @`U  </K?= H ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [(0.007)"g @`  <IK? =  @ @`S  <QK?uT ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Y0.004"g @`T  <,\K?jTu ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Z0.009*"g @`T  <eK?^ Tj ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Z0.029*"g @`T  <oK?S T^ ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 Z0.003*"g @`U  <yK?HTS ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.008**"g @`U  <K?=TH ~v0___PPT106___PPT9 [0.025**"g @`  <K?T=  nAmerican Indian , ' @`  <K?=T xHouseholds with Children.(' @`  <K?=T @ @` } <DK?^  =Households with Incomes Below 185 Percent of the Poverty Line.>(=' @` z <K?=^  nAll Households.(' @` y <K?= @ @` x <K?u BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` w <0K?ju 2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` v <K?^ j 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` u <K?S ^  BSquared Food Insecurity Gap (=2)."(!' @` t <4K?HS  2Food Insecurity Gap (=1).(' @` s <K?=H 4Food Insecurity Rate (=0).(' @` r <L?= @ @` k <L? LEffect of Being an American Indian on Food Insecurity with Hunger, 2001-2004,M L' @`ZB  s *8c ?ZB  s *8c ?TB  c $ ?TB  c $ ?ZB  s *1 ?TB   c $ ?=TB  c $ ?==ZB  s *1 ?=TB  c $ ?HHTB  c $ ?S S TB  c $ ?^ ^ TB  c $ ?jjTB  c $ ?uuTB ! c $ ?=ZB % s *1 ?=TB @ c $ ?T=TZB C s *1 ?=TTTB K c $ ?  TB Q c $ ?HTH TB U c $ ?S TS TB Y c $ ?^ T^ TB ] c $ ?jTj TB a c $ ?uTu TB f c $ ?  TB  c $ ?t =t ZB  s *1 ?=t t TB  c $ ?++TB  c $ ?Ht HTB  c $ ?S t S TB  c $ ?^ t ^ TB  c $ ?jt jTB  c $ ?ut uH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i..!@+D=' 3= @B +` 0 pP(  r  S L `}  L   S ,L `<$0 L H  0޽h ? 33H@___PPT10 .1!ſ+D' 3= @B Dw' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*9%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*9%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=|%(+8+0+0 +k  0 P(  r  S FL `}  L   S GL `<$0 L H  0޽h ? 33SK___PPT10+.\+FD' 3= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<b%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*br%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*r%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*I%(+8+0+0 +r, / -50{:h7X\1Root EntrydO)b@rpPicturesvCurrent User8SummaryInformation(zT      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnqtuvwxyz|}~s Slide 16'Food Insecurity among American IndiansDescription of Data Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22Multivariate Model Slide 24 Slide 25Alternative SpecificationsFuture ResearchFuture Future Research  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles _anglyonsanglyonssen