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NCERA212: Soybean Diseases

Annual/Termination Reports (SAES-422): [05/19/2010] [04/01/2011] [05/24/2012] [04/15/2013]

Date of Annual Report: 05/19/2010

Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 02/24/10 to 02/25/10
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2008 to 09/2009

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The meeting of the NCERA 212: Soybean Diseases Committee was held at the Sheraton Westport Chalet Hotel, St. Louis, MO on February 24, 2010. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Soybean Breeders Workshop and the Corn Disease Working Group.

    The meeting was called to order at 9:00 am by Chair, Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin). The meeting began with introductions of everyone in attendance.

    Brian Diers (Univ. Illinois) updated the group about a research study to evaluate yield gains in soybean over time. The study involves evaluating disease resistance of genotypes in Maturity Groups II to IV developed several years ago. Brian asked the group if there was interest in collaboration in evaluating resistance to specific diseases.

    Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) notified the group that John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas) is rotating off the soybean germ plasm committee as the representative from plant pathology, and that the committee needed a nomination from NCERA 212. It was suggested that a nomination be made during the NCERA 212 business meeting.

    Brief oral reports on the crop and disease situation and research projects in each state were given. In addition to the oral reports, some states also provided a written report. Brief summaries of these oral and written state reports are provided below:

    Wisconsin: In 2009, soybean was planted on 1.63 million acres with 1.62 million acres harvested. The statewide yield was 40 bu/A for a total production of 64,800 thousand bushels. Yield was +5 bu/A from 2008, but still ~4 bu/A lower than 2005 and 2006 yields. In general, there has been a negative trend in soybean yield for about the last 10 years in Wisconsin. In 2009, Sclerotinia stem rot, soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot (maybe some sudden death syndrome), seedling diseases, and seed decays were the major problems. From a survey of audience members at Wisconsin Extension meetings, most people responded that Sclerotinia stem rot reduced yields from 1 to 10%. Thirteen different research and extension projects were listed that focused on soybean diseases that are on-going with University of Wisconsin faculty involved.

    Illinois: Approximately 9.4 million acres of soybean were harvested in Illinois in 2009. The state average yield was 46 bu/A. Most fields in the state were planted later than normal due to large amounts of rainfall in May. Sclerotinia stem rot was the most severe it had been in the past several years, and affected most of the northern half of the state. Results from a foliar fungicide trial conducted near DeKalb, IL in 2009 indicated that Sclerotinia stem rot caused at least a 40% yield reduction in that trial. A number of soybean pathology research projects are being conducted at the University of Illinois, including those focused on: foliar and seed treatment fungicide evaluations; interaction between Rhizoctonia root rot and soybean cyst nematode; fungicide resistance monitoring for Cercospora sojina, overwinter survival of C. sojina, genetic diversity of C. sojina, soybean rust monitoring, soybean cyst nematode, bacterial pustule, charcoal rot, soybean rust, sudden death syndrome, and developing multiplex Q-PCR assays for soybean pathogen detection.

    Kansas: Kansas soybean producers harvested 3.65 million acres of soybean in 2009 with an average yield of 44 bu/A. This compares to 3.25 million acres in 2008, when the average yield was 37 bu/A. Timely rains across most of the state reduced levels of charcoal rot to the lowest level in the past 25 years and were a major contributor to the increased yield average. Seedling blights and soybean cyst nematode caused the most yield loss of the diseases present in 2009. Frogeye leaf spot was prevalent in the eastern portion of the state, and brown spot and bacterial blight were common everywhere in the state. Sudden death syndrome also was observed in the Kansas River Valley. A number of soybean pathology research projects are on-going at Kansas State Univ. and include those focused on: charcoal rot, frogeye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode, sudden death syndrome, and fungicide evaluations.

    Ohio: Ohio weather conditions during 2009 started out very favorable for disease outbreaks in the early part of the season with heavy rains, cool weather, and delayed planting. Conditions across the state were cooler than normal. Flowering was delayed, and canopy was closed through much of the state at flowering. Outbreaks of Sclerotinia stem rot were common with up to 50% plants affected in some fields. Sudden death syndrome, Phytophthora root rot, brown stem rot, and soybean cyst nematode also caused losses. The number of minor diseases present in fields (i.e. bacterial pustule, bacterial blight, powdery mildew, etc.) was greater than normal. There are reports of high incidence of Phomopsis seed rot as well as Fusarium graminearum present in seed germination tests. Key findings during 2009 included new information about Cercospora sojina survival and optimum conditions for growth; effect of soil physical and chemical properties on Pythium; effect of seed treatments on Phytopthora root rot of soybean cultivars with different combinations of Rps genes and levels of partial resistance.

    North Dakota: Soybean acreage in 2009 was approximately 3.9 million acres. Soybean disease research projects in 2009 were: 1) incorporation of resistance to Phytophthora sojae and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) into soybean lines/cultivars; 2) effect of crop rotation and crops on SCN; 3) effect of SCN on dry bean growth; 4) effect of soil type on SCN; 5) biology of Fusarium root rot of soybean; 6) genetic variation and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; 7) identification of soybean viruses in North Dakota; 8) monitoring for soybean rust; and 9) survey for emerging diseases in North Dakota.

    Minnesota: Minnesota produced soybean on approximately 7.1 million acres in 2009. The average yield was 41 bu/A, which is up 3 bu/A from 2008. The most important soybean disease problems were SCN, brown stem rot, Sclerotinia stem rot, Rhizoctonia root rot, and sudden death syndrome, although pod and stem blight and Phytophthora rot and other root rots also were important in some areas. Leaf diseases generally were at low incidence and severity. Selected Minnesota research projects and progress in 2009: " In continued work, results suggest an expanded host range for Fusarium virguliforme that includes other hosts that develop severe root symptoms as well as potential asymptomatic hosts capable of sustaining or supporting pathogen survival in the absence of soybean. " The brown stem rot pathogen has been shown to reduce leaf area and xylem vessels in soybean plants, and the A and B types of the pathogen can colonize stem tissues and cells differently. " In a study of root rots of soybean in Minnesota, a diversity of Fusarium species are associated with soybean. At least 11 pathogenic Fusarium species have been confirmed to be associated with soybean roots in Minnesota. Many of these species have also been sown to be capable of causing significant root rot on corn in greenhouse studies. " Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a major problem in Minnesota and was found for the first time in three northern counties in 2009. HG types capable of reproducing on PI 88788 and Peking sources of resistance are being detected more frequently.

    Indiana: In 2009, approximately 5.5 million acres of soybean were grown in Indiana. The average yield was 49 bu/A, which was the highest in three years. Wet weather in April and May forced many producers to plant soybean later than normal, and temperatures were cooler than normal throughout the season. Sclerotinia stem rot was widespread, and further south and west than normal. Sudden death syndrome also was widespread. Yield losses caused by Phytophthora root rot and soybean cyst nematode continued to be important in 2009. Phomopsis and Cercospora blight were problematic in southern Indiana fields due to late rains and cool conditions near harvest. Screening soybean for resistance to Phytophthora root rot, SDS, and frogeye leaf spot continue to be important projects. Additionally, research focused on the effect of foliar fungicides on soybean continued.

    Michigan: Approximately 2 million acres of soybean were planted in 2009, and 1.99 million acres were harvested. The average yield for the state was 40 bu/A, which was up 3 bu/A from 2008. Growing conditions in 2009 were cool and wet, with excessive moisture early in the season which caused some delayed planting. In June and July, extensive brown spot was noted in some fields. From August to September, downy mildew developed across the state. Sclerotinia stem rot caused the most losses across the state, and was most severe in the thumb region of the state and in irrigated fields. Sudden death syndrome was confirmed in the state for the first time in 2009. Current soybean pathology research projects include: IPM-PIPE sentinel plots for soybean rust; mapping distribution of soybean death syndrome in the state; breeding soybean for multi-disease resistance; fungicide and biocontrol of Sclerotinia stem rot; prediction of Sclerotinia stem rot; and irrigation effects on SDS.

    Nebraska: In 2009, Nebraska soybean producers harvested 4.76 million acres of soybean (similar to the 4.85 million acres harvested in 2008), with a record average yield of 54.5 bu/A. This was up 8.5 bu/A from the previous year. Early dry conditions resulted in most growers planting on time, but heavy rains following planting resulted in stand problems in some fields. Cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall resulted in less disease activity later in the season. Phytophthora was a problem in many fields that received early season rains, and the most common seedling disease problems were caused by Phytophthora and Pythium. Foliar diseases observed were bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, brown spot, Cercospora blight, downy mildew, and frogeye leaf spot. Low incidence of bean pod mottle virus and soybean mosaic virus was detected in 2009, and tobacco ringspot virus was detected in one field. Sudden death syndrome, which was first found in Nebraska in 2009, appears to be spreading in the state. Brown stem rot was a problem in some fields in 2009. Over the last four years, soybean cyst nematode has been confirmed in 23 new Nebraska counties, indicating that this pathogen is spreading. Pod and stem blight, charcoal rot, and Sclerotinia stem rot caused isolated problems in 2009. Soybean pathology research projects ongoing in Nebraska include soybean fungicide efficacy trials and research on soybean cyst nematode.

    Kentucky: Anthracnose, downy mildew, brown spot, sudden death syndrome, soybean rust (late season), pod and stem blight, frogeye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode, seedling diseases (mostly caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia), various virus diseases (mostly bean pod mottle and soybean mosaic) and Cercospora leaf blight/purple seed stain were detected in Kentucky in 2009. Ongoing research projects include: 1) study host factors that contribute primarily to soybean defense against Soybean mosaic virus and Phytophthora sojae; 2) fungicide efficacy testing; and 3) soybean cyst nematode management.

    Iowa: The major soybean diseases in Iowa in 2009 were Sclerotinia stem rot, sudden death syndrome, and Cercospora blight. Ongoing soybean pathology research projects include: soybean cyst nematode x sudden death syndrome interactions; infection of the SDS pathogen; genome sequencing of the SDS pathogen; fungicide efficacy; and soybean rust forecasting.

    Missouri: Missouri soybean production totaled 231 million bushels in 2009, up 21% from the 2008 crop. Farmers in Missouri harvested 5.3 million of the 5.35 million acres in the state, 5% more than last year. Missouri yields averaged 43.5 bu/A, up 5.5 bu/A from last year, but 1.5 bu/A below the record set in 2004. Wet conditions delayed planting by as much as 20 to 30 days in some areas of the state. The growing season was unusually cool and wet. Phytophthora root rot was evident both as a seedling blight disease and later in the season. Foliar diseases were neither widespread nor severe. Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a major problem throughout the state. Symptoms of sudden death syndrome were widespread, but was not as severe as expected. Cercospora blight was widespread in central and northern Missouri during September and October. Seed decay problems such as Phomopsis seed decay and purple seed stain were reported, but were not as widespread or severe as weather conditions might have suggested. Ongoing research projects include fungicide efficacy trials, sudden death syndrome regional trial, and soybean cyst nematode regional trial.

    Ontario: Sudden death syndrome was prevalent, especially in southwestern Ontario. Sclerotinia stem rot and bacterial blight also were prevalent. Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a problem. Seedling / root rot diseases caused by Phytophthora, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia also were observed. Soybean virus surveys detected soybean mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and bean pod mottle virus.

    Leonor Leandro (Iowa St. Univ.) and Chris Little (Kansas St. Univ.) provided an update on research conducted on sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean and its causal agents. The research update focused on SDS distribution and detection; causal agents of SDS; pathogen detection, pathogen diversity, toxin characterization, interactions with other pathogens; host resistance; resistance screening methods; and evaluation of management practices for control of SDS.

    Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) and Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) led a discussion on the role of NCERA 212 in APS symposiums (i.e. soybean rust symposium, and potential new symposiums). The importance and future of the APS Soybean Rust Symposium was discussed. Questions about the necessity of continuing the Soybean Rust Symposium as a separate meeting and the possibility of creating a new Soybean Disease Symposium were raised. Discussion on potential timing of when to hold a new Soybean Disease Symposium, if created, followed. It was suggested that this type of symposium could potentially be held in conjunction with or just following the National Association of Crop Consultants Meeting.

    Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. University) led a discussion on the Soybean Pathology White Paper. The paper needs to be updated. Ideas on updating the publication were discussed, and topics were assigned to individuals. The revised paper will be posted on the Plant Health Initiative website when completed.

    Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) presented an idea for a regional publication on root and stem rot diseases in which NCERA 212 members could collaborate in writing. A committee was formed to work on this publication, which included Loren Giesler, Anne Dorrance, Paul Esker, Kiersten Wise, Daren Mueller, Albert Tenuta, Alison Robertson, Loren Giesler, Doug Jardine, and Martin Chilvers.

    Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) reported on the workshop that was conducted for soybean breeder technicians just prior to the NCERA 212 meeting. Members of NCERA 212 and others participated in this workshop. An impact assessment was completed for this workshop by Loren. It was suggested that NCERA 212 consider conducting such a workshop every time NCERA 212 meets with the soybean breeders group.

    Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky) gave a presentation titled, Hindrances to effective SCN extension programming to the group. The presentation focused on problematic issues related to providing real SCN management solutions to soybean growers. A discussion followed.

    The meeting was adjourned at 5:30 pm on February 24 and resumed in the morning of February 25 at 8:00 am.

    Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ.-administrative advisor) provided some information about multi-state activities and the different types of projects. The NCERA 212 project is approved through 2014. Steve also provided an update on the National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and upcoming research funding opportunities through NIFA. NIFA is the new structure for CSREES, and is built around four institutes: food production and sustainability; bionenergy, climate, and environment; food safety and nutrition; and youth, family, community. Global food security and hunger, climate change, sustainable energy, childhood obesity, and food safety are the science priority areas. The target date for release of the new NIFA RFAs is March 15, 2010. NIFA is looking to award around $800 million this year. Hatch and Smith Lever funds were proposed to stay at the same level as the previous fiscal year.

    Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ. / APS Council) reported on potential upcoming changes in the American Phytopathological Society (APS) governance. The proposed changes would drop the size of the APS Council to 12 members to become one strategic body.

    Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota) provided an update on past and on-going research on brown stem rot of soybean.

    Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) and Carl Bradley (Univ. Illinois) provided an update on the North Central Soybean Research Program -funded project on soybean cyst nematode.

    Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin) led a discussion on Sclerotinia stem rot. This included discussion on the biological control product Contans, resistance screening techniques and the importance of light, population and row spacing considerations, fungicide application timing, and potential prediction of Sclerotinia stem rot using forecasting models.

    Paul Esker called the official business meeting to order: " Nominations for the NCERA 212 representative to the Soybean Germ Plasm Committee were opened. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) nominated Jim Kurle (Univ. Minnesota). Doug Jardine (Kansas St. Univ.) seconded the motion. The nominations were closed, and Jim Kurle was unanimously elected as the Soybean Germ Plasm Committee representative from NCERA 212. " Nominations for the NCERA 212 secretary for 2011 (chair for 2012) were opened. Leonor Leandro (Iowa St. Univ.) was nominated (self-nomination), and Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) seconded the motion. The nominations were closed, and Leonor Leandro was unanimously elected as the secretary of NCERA 212 for 2011 and chair for 2012. " It was suggested that NCERA 212 meet jointly with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW) in 2011. The SSDW has met in Pensacola, FL during the second week of March for the last several years. Carl Bradley (Univ. Illinois) will bring the idea to the SSDW officers, to find out their interest in such a meeting. " The group thanked Paul Esker for his efforts in organizing the meeting. " The official business meeting was adjourned at 12:00 noon.

    The afternoon meeting on February 25 was a joint session with the Corn Disease Working Group.

    Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) and Tamra Jackson (Univ. Nebraska) led a discussion on corn and soybean nematodes. This discussion focused on the challenges of managing these nematodes, renewed interest in corn nematodes, and new management tools available now and on the horizon.

    Tom Mueller (Univ. Tennessee) presented information on his research focused on open and closed plot designs in corn. In his research, Tom found more consistent results with foliar fungicides in a closed design. A discussion followed.

    Palle Pedersen (Syngenta Crop Protection) presented information on use of seed treatments in high yield soybean production systems. In addition, Palle provided an update on a new fungicide combination seed treatment product available on corn.

    Paul Vincelli (Univ. Kentucky) presented information on the letter to EPA written by members of Land Grant Universities and the response by EPA. This letter was written in response to the EPA registering Headline fungicide for Plant Health. Paul provided a time-line of events that followed after the letter was sent to the EPA.

    A group discussion on how industry groups and university groups can better work together was led by Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin) and Gary Schmitz (BASF Corporation). Potential ideas that emerged were fungicide resistance monitoring; forecasting for diseases; evaluation of hybrids or varieties for characteristics that can predict response to fungicides; and evaluation of fungicides on endophytes.

    The meeting adjourned at 5:30 pm.


    URL: Copy of minutes

    Accomplishments:
    The objectives of NCERA 212 are to:

    1. Foster collaborative research and information exchange on soybean diseases among scientists in the north central region including soybean breeders and entomologists that will lead to improved disease screening protocols, additional sources of disease resistance genes and ultimately, improved host plant resistance.

    Accomplishments for objective 1. The 2010 NCERA 212 meeting was held in conjunction with the Soybean Breeders Workshop and the Corn Disease Working Group. Meeting jointly with the other groups improved the exchange of information and ideas, which can help foster collaborative research projects. Members of NCERA 212 organized and participated in a soybean breeder technician workshop prior to the NCERA 212 meeting. This workshop provided information on disease screening protocols, which ultimately may result in the development of improved host plant resistance. Members of NCERA 212 participated in the planning of the 2009 APS Soybean Rust Symposium. This meeting allowed for the exchange of information across university scientists -industry personnel -and producers, which will ultimately help improve management of this disease. Discussion at the 2010 NCERA 212 meeting may lead to the planning of additional APS soybean disease meetings.

    2. Evaluate the impacts of changing production practices such as earlier planting dates, new sources of host plant resistance, increased use of fungicide seed treatments and foliar fungicides, and other new or improved crop production technologies on soybean diseases.

    Accomplishments for objective 2. Members of NCERA 212 published a new collaborative research article focused on the evaluation of fungicide seed treatments on soybean cultivars with different levels and types of resistance to Phytophthora sojae. This multi-state research provided new information that can help improve management of Phytophthora root rot and soybean production.

    3. Develop research projects to study the ecology and epidemiology of soybean diseases important in the north central region.

    Accomplishments for objective 3. NCERA 212 members are working collaboratively on on-going multi-state research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, and charcoal rot. A multi-state research/extension project focused on Sclerotinia stem rot is being developed by NCERA 212 members.

    4. Improve knowledge transfer about soybean diseases and their management in the North Central Region to researchers, Extension faculty, producers and the agribusiness community through the use of web sites, podcasts and other new technologies as they are developed.

    Accomplishments for objective 4. Plans to revise the Soybean Disease White Paper were finalized at the 2010 NCERA 212 meeting. The revised white paper will be posted onto the Plant Health Initiative website (http://planthealth.info) so that it can be openly accessible. Members of NCERA 212 participated in developing new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network (www.plantmanagementnetwork.com). New or updated webcasts for 2009 developed by NCERA 212 members include, Brown stem rot of soybean and Soybean viruses.

    5. Continue to monitor for any new or reemerging pathogens of soybean in the north central region and develop appropriate responses to their emergence as they occur.

    Accomplishments for objective 5. Working collaboratively with the NCERA 208 Soybean Rust Committee, members of NCERA 212 worked together to establish a network of soybean disease monitoring through the use of sentinel plots and mobile scouting in 2009. Data from the monitoring efforts were uploaded onto the IPM PIPE database.

    Impact Statements:
    1. The NCERA 212 Soybean Disease Committee fostered collaborative research and information exchange by meeting jointly with the Soybean Breeders Group and the Corn Disease Working Group. A soybean breeders technician workshop organized by members of NCERA 212 provided the latest information on soybean diseases and screening for host resistance. This workshop will help allow for more uniform disease screening procedures used across soybean breeding programs, which may ultimately result into improved host resistance.
    2. A multi-state collaborative research project was completed that was focused on Phytophthora root rot. New information resulting from that research was published in the peer-reviewed journal Plant Disease in 2009. This information that focused on integrating management strategies for control of Phytophthora root rot will be used to better manage Phytophthora root rot and improve soybean production.
    3. Members of NCERA 212 are actively collaborating in research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, and charcoal rot. These multi-state collaborative projects will ultimately improve the knowledge base of the soybean pathogens and diseases, which will result into improved disease management and soybean production.
    4. Members of NCERA 212 are actively working to revise the Soybean Disease White Paper. In addition, members of NCERA 212 participated in developing and updating new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network. These outreach activities help direct attention to the importance of soybean diseases and ultimately help producers better manage soybean diseases.
    Last Modified: 19-May-2010

    Date of Annual Report: 04/01/2011

    Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 03/09/11 to 03/10/11
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2009 to 10/2010

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The meeting of the NCERA 212: Soybean Diseases Committee was held at the Hilton Pensacola Beach Gulf Front Hotel, March 9, 2011. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW) meeting.

    The meeting was called to order at 7:45 am by Chair, Carl Bradley (Univ. Illinois). The meeting began with introductions of everyone in attendance.

    Steve Slack called in at 7:45 am and provided information about the Federal budget. FY2011 should have started in October 2010 but has not yet been approved. There are current discussions in the House and Senate about the FY2011 and FY2012 budgets. The potential outcomes are unknown. There could be a continuing budget or reconciliation of budgets. Because of the large change in Congress last November, negotiations are ongoing for determine the budget value. The new House is focused on going back to 2008 levels of funding, which represents a significant difference in base funding that supports hatch and Smith-Lever extension lines. Steve stated that he continued to be very pleased with the activity of the NCERA 212 program. Every state that has a history in the committee continues to be represented. It is important that we continue to have interaction with the SSDW and other groups. We should keep developing the annual reports and spend time reporting on the impact of the committee. The annual report needs to be submitted by 1st week of April. Anne Dorrance asked what kinds of numbers would work best for the impact statement of the committee. Steve responded that we should give an idea of the numbers of acres of soybeans and the impact of the group on those acres.

    Anne Dorrance suggested making state reports voluntary during our meeting so that we could spend time discussing the budget and other topics. Leonor Leandro agreed to send a PDF file with all reports by email to the group.

    Brief oral reports were given on the crop and disease situation in each state. In addition to the oral reports, some states also provided a written report. Brief summaries of these oral and written state reports are provided below. Complete reports for each state can be found in the PDF attachment.

    Carl Bradley called the official business meeting to order: " Carl Bradley motioned to accept the minutes from 2010. It was seconded by Glen Hartman, and approved by all. " Nominations for the NCERA 212 secretary for 2012 (chair for 2013) were opened. Tom Allen nominated Kiersten Wise, Anne Dorrance seconded the motion. The nominations were closed, and Kiersten Wise was unanimously elected as the secretary of NCERA 212 for 2012 and chair for 2013. " Carl Bradley motioned to close nominations, it was seconded by Loren Giesler, and approved unanimously. " Plans for the 2011 meeting were discussed. Glen Hartman and Carl Bradley suggested meeting with the SSDW group again. Berlin Nelson thought it was important to set aside a full day for NCERA meeting to discuss research projects and other topics of interest. Loren Giesler agreed. " Carl motioned to meet with the SSDW with a full day to meet as the NCERA 212, it was seconded by Doug Jardine, and approved unanimously.

    Other meeting opportunities were discussed. " Tom Chase proposed to host an online conference to allow communication between group members during the growing season. The goal is to notify the group of disease onset and progress in each state. The conference will be hosted by SDSU. " Dean Malvick discussed the possibility of meeting in the last week of August in Wisconsin with the soybean group that usually met to discuss Phytophthora and Sclerotinia diseases. An internet connection option was discussed for those who cannot attend the meeting. " Berlin Nelson suggested the organization of a mini-symposium offered by the NCERA 212 in the 2013 joint meeting with the soybean breeders. This will require communication between the breeders meeting organizer and the chair of NCERA 212. Symposium topics discussed included fungicide resistance (Anne Dorrance) and the effects of roundup on diseases (Daren Mueller).

    Glen Hartman reported on the progress with the preparation of the new edition of the soybean disease compendium and requested submission of good disease images. An online version of the compendium will be available.

    Berlin Nelson reported on an emerging issue from APS. The industry relations committee has requested training for their employees because they are hiring agriculture majors that have no field experience. These industry employees need certifications in plant pathology. APS would like to tap into the current education programs. Kiersten Wise said that Purdue University already offers this type of training. Loren Giesler said that the University of Nebraska has a Doctor of Plant Health degree. Companies need broadly trained plant pathologists and we are not producing them.

    Kiersten Wise provided background information about the claims of disease increases and health concerns due to glyphosate applications. To date there is no scientific data to support the claims. The group showed concern that claims are being disseminated via public press, instead of research data being published in scientific journals. Scientific data is needed before any conclusions are made about the possible effects of glyphosate. Kiersten Wise and Anne Dorrance both wrote online articles to clarify the facts on the topic. Anne Dorrance commented that one major restriction to research is the lack of free access to soybean isolines. Anne suggested writing a letter to Monsanto to explain that their restrictions on using plant material for research are preventing hypothesis testing on the topic. The group thanked Kiersten and Anne for writing scientific articles to help answer grower questions. David Wright stated that the article answered many questions from the soybean board members. Growers were starting to change practices in response to non-scientifically validated claims.

    Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. University) led a discussion on the preparation of impact statements for the NCERA 212. The group agreed to work together on a list of accomplishments to include in the annual report.

    Carl Bradley called the meeting to adjourn: " The group thanked David Wright for the NCSRP funding that covered the costs of the meeting. " The group motioned to recognize Tom Allen for local arrangements of the meeting. " The group thanked Carl Bradley for his efforts in organizing the meeting. " The meeting was adjourned at 11:20 am on March 9, 2011. " The NCERA 212 met jointly with SSDW in the afternoon of March 9 and for a full day on March 10, 2011.

    NCERA 212 Impact Statement: Soybean production continues to play a prominent role in US agriculture. It is the number one crop in terms of harvested acres in several North Central states and second only to corn in value of production. The 2010 cash market value of soybeans increased 32 percent from 29.5 billion to 38.9 billion dollars. With rising production value, new markets for green energy, and soybean oil replacing crude oil in industrial processes, there is a greater demand to improve yield and quality. Soybean yields have remained steady since 2002, with average yields of 43.3 and 43.5 bu/A reported for 2009 and 2010, respectively (USDA Crop Production Report, Feb 2011). The frequency and spread of soybean diseases has played a role in these stagnant yields in several production areas within the North Central region.

    Our mission The NCERA 212 Committee monitors the development of soybean diseases and directs science-based information to breeders and agricultural companies across the US. The committee has a system of rapid exchange of information about current and emerging pathogen issues that helps mitigate yield losses and assists growers and companies in cost savings.


    URL: Copy of minutes

    Accomplishments:
    1. Foster collaborative research and information exchange on soybean diseases among scientists in the north central region including soybean breeders and entomologists that will lead to improved disease screening protocols, additional sources of disease resistance genes and ultimately, improved host plant resistance.

    Accomplishments for objective 1:

    a) The 2011 NCERA 212 meeting was held in conjunction with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW). Meeting jointly with the southern soybean scientists improved the exchange of information and ideas, which helped foster collaborative research projects.

    b) Members of NCERA 212 participated in the planning of the 2012 joint meeting with the SSDW and (possibly) the nematology committee. This meeting will allow the exchange of information across university scientists, industry personnel, and producers, which will ultimately help improve management of diseases.

    c) Members of the NCERA 212 agreed to collaborate in an online conference to allow communication between group members during the growing season.

    d) Discussion at the 2011 NCERA 212 meeting may lead to the planning of additional soybean disease meetings.

    2. Evaluate the impacts of changing production practices such as earlier planting dates, new sources of host plant resistance, increased use of fungicide seed treatments and foliar fungicides, and other new or improved crop production technologies on soybean diseases.

    Accomplishments for objective 2

    a) Members of the NCERA 212 are working collaboratively to evaluate the effectiveness of seed treatments and fungicide applications against soybean pathogens.

    b) Discussions were initiated to develop a soybean fungicide publication in collaboration with SSDW and NCERA 208 (soybean rust working group). This will be led by Daren Mueller (Iowa State), Kiersten Wise (Purdue) and Nick Dufault (Florida). This publication will replace the national Soybean Rust Compendium.

    c) Carl Bradley (Illinois) summarized his work with members of SSDW group to identify baseline sensitivities of soybean pathogens to fungicides. This is to establish a fungicide resistance screen for pathogens such as Cercospora sojina. In 2010, fungicide resistance was identified in strains of Cercospora sojina in Tennessee, Kentucky and southern Illinois. Discussion on the implications of these finds and future research were beneficial for both NCERA 212 and SSDW members.

    d) Leonor Leandro led a discussion on how Iowa experienced the perfect storm in 2010 for sudden death syndrome. Discussion included how early planting followed by cool temperatures and mid-season rainfall (second highest in last 125+ years) led to unprecedented levels of SDS.

    e) Dean Malvick summarized a study on Fusarium pathogens in Minnesota.

    3. Develop research projects to study the ecology and epidemiology of soybean diseases important in the north central region.

    Accomplishments for objective 3

    a) NCERA 212 members are working collaboratively on on-going multi-state research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, and charcoal rot.

    b) A multi-state research/extension project focused on root rot pathogens is being developed by NCERA 212 members.

    4. Improve knowledge transfer about soybean diseases and their management in the North Central Region to researchers, Extension faculty, producers and the agribusiness community through the use of web sites, podcasts and other new technologies as they are developed.

    Accomplishments for objective 4

    a) Members of the NCERA 212 completed revisions of the Soybean Disease White Paper. The revised white paper will be posted onto the Plant Health Initiative website (http://planthealth.info) so that it can be openly accessible.

    b) Members of NCERA 212 participated in developing new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network (www.plantmanagementnetwork.com). New or updated webcasts for 2010 developed by NCERA 212 members include:

    - Soybean Cyst Nematode Varieties - Terry Niblack, University of Illinois, September 2010

    - Bean Pod Mottle Virus - John Hill, Iowa State University, August 2010

    - Impacts of Subsurface Drainage in Corn-Soybean Rotations - Matt Helmers, Iowa State University, August 2010

    - Benefits and Utility of Bedding Systems for Improved Productivity and Profitability of Soybean Production in the Mid-South U.S. - Trey Koger, Mississippi State University, August 2010

    - Soybean Aphid Scouting - Kelley Tilmon, South Dakota State University, July 2010

    - Soybean Growth Stages - Trey Koger, Mississippi State University, June 2010

    - Soybean White Mold (Sclerotinia Stem Rot) - Paul Esker, University of Wisconsin-Madison, May 2010

    - Bean Leaf Beetle in Soybean - Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University, March 2010

    - Double Cropped Soybeans in the South - David L. Wright, University of Florida, March 2010

    - Glyphosate Stewardship for Soybeans - Chris Boerboom, University of Wisconsin-Madison, February 2010

    - Principles of Nematode Management in the Southern U.S. - John Mueller, et al; Clemson University, North Carolina State University, and University of Arkansas; January 2010

    - How to Maximize Soybean Yield - Palle Pedersen, Iowa State University, January 2010

    - Benefits and Utility of Bedding Systems for Improved Productivity and Profitability of Soybean Production in the Mid-South U.S. - Trey Koger, Mississippi State University, November 2009

    5. Continue to monitor for any new or reemerging pathogens of soybean in the north central region and develop appropriate responses to their emergence as they occur.

    Accomplishments for objective 5

    a) Members of NCERA 212 worked together to evaluate the soybean rust pest information platform for extension and education (PIPE) public websites impact on certified crop advisers.

    b) Regional surveys of the presence and distribution of important diseases of soybean were concluded, and new surveys were started.

    c) Monitoring for fungicide-resistant C. sojina isolates will be an emphasis for the NCERA 212 group in 2011.

    Impact Statements:
    1. Fostered collaborative research and information exchange by bringing 56 number of soybean pathologists together at a joint meeting of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers and the NCERA-212 Soybean Disease Committee.
    2. Actively collaborated in research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, scelotinia stem rot, and charcoal rot. These multi-state collaborative projects generated approximately 1.2 million dollars in research and extension support toward the improvement of soybean plant health. Results from these projects will ultimately improve the knowledge base of the soybean pathogens and diseases, which will improve disease management and soybean production.
    3. Prepared a revised version of the Soybean Disease White Paper. The white paper outlines research needed to assist in the development of high yielding, disease resistant varieties that will reduce yield losses to pathogens. This white paper will be used to identify national research needs for the North Central Soybean Research Program, United Soybean Board, state soybean checkoff boards and the USDA.
    4. Developed new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network. This site received 10,965 unique visitors in 2010. (http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/focusonsoybean/ ).
    5. Conducted regional surveys of the presence and distribution of important diseases of soybean that will impact grower decisions about soybean production practices and provide early warnings about emerging disease threats to soybean production. Early warnings will focus extension efforts on preventing yield losses through implementation of appropriate disease management practices.
    6. Identified strobilurin fungicide resistance in Cercospora sojina. This discovery will impact how producers manage frogeye leaf spot with fungicides by limiting their choices of products to those in the triazole family of fungicides. This discovery may also influence fungicide selection by soybean (and corn) growers by increasing awareness of the risks of fungicide-resistant pathogens.
    7. Coordinated a comprehensive effort on pathogen diagnostics. The national plant diagnostic network (www.npdn.org) allows for rapid responses to the identification of new or re-emerging pathogens in a region by focusing education efforts on yield loss mitigation.
    8. Developed education programs that resulted in savings for farmers and the regional economy. These educational programs included fungicide stewardship, management of important diseases such as SDS and white mold, managing SCN using host-plant resistance and proper use of fungicide seed treatments. Educating growers about soybean disease cycles saved an average of $25 per acre by reducing unnecessary pesticides applications when environmental conditions were unfavorable for disease (eg. white mold) or when fungicide applications are ineffective against disease (eg. SDS).
    9. Evaluated effectiveness of seed treatments and fungicide application, resulting in recommendations to help growers get maximum returns. Growers maximized returns by selecting the most effective fungicides when disease was present and saving $25/acre when spraying was unnecessary.
    10. Contributed to a steady increase in soybean yields resulting from resistance breeding efforts by developing improved screening methods and increasing the knowledge base on soybean pathogens.
    Last Modified: 01-Apr-2011

    Date of Annual Report: 05/24/2012

    Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 03/06/12 to 03/07/12
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2010 to 09/2011

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The meeting of the NCERA 212: Soybean Diseases Committee was held at the Hilton Pensacola Beach Gulf Front Hotel, March 9, 2011. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW) meeting.

    The meeting was called to order at 8:00 am by Chair, Leonor Leandro (Iowa State University). The meeting began with introductions of everyone in attendance.

    Brief oral reports on the status of the soybean crop and prevalent diseases were given for each state with a member in attendance. Written reports were also provide and compiled into a PDF document. This document is attached for your information and records.

    Daren Mueller and Kiersten Wise presented an update on a new field crops fungicide publication that is tentatively titled, Fungicides in Field Crops. The goal of this new publication is to update and merge two key publications: Field crop fungicides for the North Central United States (2008; http://www.iasoybeans.com/productionresearch/publications/fieldcropfungicides/fieldcropfungicides.pdf), and Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust (2007; http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust). The goal of this manual is to provide an updated reference for crop advisors, pesticide applicators, extension educators and other agribusiness personnel. Chapters in the new manual will cover the basics of fungicide usage and application, the decision process to apply a fungicide, fungicide resistance and the FRAC code, conducting on-farm fungicide trials, etc. Nick Dufault, Carl Bradley, and Marty Chilvers are also authors on this publication. A final version is in progress, and states were surveyed to determine how many each would want, and if there were potential funding sources to use for publication costs. There was discussion about various funding sources that Daren and Kiersten will pursue. A list of images needed for the publication will be sent to the group for contributions.

    Loren Geisler presented data on fungicide and insecticide research trials conducted in Nebraska. The trend from this data set indicates that a fungicide and insecticide application can increase yield by an average of 2.1 bu/A with a fungicide, and 4.1 bu/A with a fungicides plus insecticide. Tom Allen presented similar soybean fungicide research conducted in Mississippi. Fungicides applied at R3-R4 gave a return on investment approximately 50-60% of the time in these trials. There was discussion about similar trends observed in Iowa and Canada, and the potential impact of soybean cyst nematode on a fungicide yield response. Loren suggested pooling data and looking at these sets to determine a frequency response from a fungicide. This issue prompted discussion of fungicide resistance to strobilurin fungicides, and the appropriate way to recommend fungicide use in soybeans. The consensus was that fungicides should be recommended for disease control and Extension personnel should educate producers about limitations of fungicides and fungicide resistance management.

    Leonor Leandro provided an update on research examining the frequency of Fusarium species and their association with soybean roots in Iowa. F. oxysporum, F. acuminatum, and F. solani were the most prevalent species each year. Isolates varied in aggressiveness in greenhouse studies, and research was initiated to look at genetic diversity within isolates of F. oxysporum. Field microplot studies were initiated and inoculated with various isolates, however no yield impact was observed from isolates in any year, despite noticeable root rot symptoms. were observed, but no impact on yield in field. Dean Malvick presented similar research conducted in Minnesota. Over 95% of all isolates collected in this study were Fusarium species. He identified them morphologically and genetically, and determined that F. oxysporum and F. solani were the dominant species identified in both years. Isolates were also found that were not pathogenic on soybean. Field microplot studies indicated significant damage at seedling stage, but plants were unaffected at later growth stages, and appeared to grow out of symptoms. There was no indication that fungicide seed treatments are effective at managing root rots. The following group discussion on root rots led to questions about the importance of root rots and the impact on yield.

    Jason Bond presented an update on a project to identify seedling pathogens of soybean. The goal of this project is to identify organisms and improve genetic diagnostic tools for ID of fungal seedling pathogens. In addition, this project will characterize pathogenicity and aggressiveness of isolates, screen for sensitivity to seed treatment fungicides, and examine environmental conditions and production practices that favor Pythium and Rhizoctonia. This project will be underway this summer and data will be provided next year.

    Jason Bond also presented an update a comprehensive management program for foliar diseases of soybean, including frogeye leaf spot, brown spot, and Cercospora leaf blight. This project will characterize population diversity, race structure, and the influence of host resistance on management of C. sojina. In addition, they will monitor for fungicide resistance, and determine a baseline sensitivity of the pathogens for triazoles. Varieties will be identified with resistance to FLS and brown spot, and examine efficacy of fungicides for Phomopsis. The goal is to develop a soybean foliar disease prediction system for these three foliar diseases, and update outreach material for foliar diseases.

    Scott Isard gave an update on the IPM PIPE and the soybean rust (SBR) monitoring program. This year, SBR monitoring will occur in gulf coast states, SC, and OK. Monitoring for frogeye leaf spot (FLS) will also occur this year. There will also be an option for confirming where FLS-fungicide resistant isolates have been detected. There was discussion on if industry and independent crop consultants should have access to post disease observations onto the PIPE. There were many pros and cons discussed, and it was determined that prior to industry confirmations and entry into the site, samples must be diagnosed and confirmed by an independent diagnostic lab that is capable of issuing phytosanitary certificates.

    Don Hershman provided an update on Cercospora sojina nomenclature. Liiterature in mycological societies indicated that the name should be changed to Passalora sojina based on conidia shape and conidial scars, and this change was initiated in 1996. Additional email discussion after the meeting confirmed that the correct nomenclature is still Cercospora, and the NCERA members should still use C. sojina to refer to frogeye leaf spot. Tom Allen mentioned the viral disease Soybean necrotic vein virus (SNVV), which is thrips vectored and present in south and mid-south. The disease has been confirmed in east as well now. Although it is present, it is not clear if it is a yield-limiting disease. Don Hershman mentioned collaborating on an Extension publication on this issue.

    Martin Chilvers updated the group on the USDA Oomycete CAP project which surveyed 12 states in 2011. Of these surveys, 43 Pythium species were found, and only two Phytophthora species were observed. The group is working on finding high-throughput molecular diagnostic techniques to speed identification. Pathogenicity assays will be performed.

    Leonor Leandro called the business meeting to order at 4:10 PM.

    Steve Slack gave an administrative update and provided information about the Federal budget. Steve mentioned that the meeting was productive and this group should use their connections to disseminate information through new technology, like app development and smartphone technology. In future planning, the group should evaluate projects when putting the program together to aid in reporting. The group has had good participation and reviews, and needs to update the current roster. The objectives should be reviewed and changes and new avenues should be emphasized. The project will need to be updated and revised in 2014, and planning for the rewrite should begin in the coming year. The Federal budget has had changes that were expected. Smith-Lever and Hatch funds were reduced by 1.5 million. Overall, total funds for research and extension will be similar, but some budget lines were rearranged, which increases money for research, but rearranges all IPM and IR4 programs into a single crop protection budget line. This new budget could be approved by August, however the expectation is that all focus will be on elections and there is uncertainty if the budget should be passed prior to election.

    Leonor Leandro discussed minutes from 2011 and asked for corrections or additions. Loren Geisler motioned to approve the minutes, and Daren Mueller seconded the motion. The minutes were unanimously approved.

    Nominations for the NCERA 212 secretary for 2013 (chair for 2014) were opened. Dean Malvick nominated Marty Chilvers and Carl Bradley moved to close nominations. Marty Chilvers was unanimously elected as the secretary of NCERA 212 for 2013, and chair for 2014. Plans for the 2013 meeting were discussed. The 2013 meeting has traditionally been held with the Soybean Breeders meeting in St. Louis. Loren Geisler motioned to meet with this group, and Teresa Hughes seconded the motion. It was unanimously approved to meet with this group in 2013. Loren Geisler posed the question about an additional workshop for this meeting that would include breeding technicians to discuss disease screening and rating methods. Loren Geisler will contact group to see if there is interest, and the meeting was adjourned.

    The meeting reconvened at 8:15 AM on Wednesday morning, March 7th, with a discussion of soybean cyst nematodes.

    Vincent Klink of Mississippi State University presented an update on molecular interactions of nematode parasitism with SCN, and Greg Tylka addressed the impact of soil moisture on SCN development, and an update on SCN seed treatments. Greg also gave an update on the SCN seed treatments. There was a discussion on efficacy of products, timings, and ratings for SCN and seed treatments.

    NCERA 212 Impact Statement: Soybean production continues to play a prominent role in US agriculture. It is the number one crop in terms of harvested acres in several North Central states and second only to corn in value of production. The 2010 cash market value of soybeans increased 32 percent from 29.5 billion to 38.9 billion dollars. With rising production value, new markets for green energy, and soybean oil replacing crude oil in industrial processes, there is a greater demand to improve yield and quality. Soybean yields have remained steady since 2002, with average yields of 43.3 and 43.5 bu/A reported for 2009 and 2010, respectively (USDA Crop Production Report, Feb 2011). The frequency and spread of soybean diseases has played a role in these stagnant yields in several production areas within the North Central region.

    Our mission: The NCERA 212 Committee monitors the development of soybean diseases and directs science-based information to breeders and agricultural companies across the US. The committee has a system of rapid exchange of information about current and emerging pathogen issues that helps mitigate yield losses and assists growers and companies in cost savings.


    URL: Copy of minutes

    Accomplishments:
    1. Foster collaborative research and information exchange on soybean diseases among scientists in the north central region including soybean breeders and entomologists that will lead to improved disease screening protocols, additional sources of disease resistance genes and ultimately, improved host plant resistance.

    Accomplishments for objective 1:

    a) The 2012 NCERA 212 meeting was held in conjunction with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW). Meeting jointly with the southern soybean scientists improves the exchange of information and ideas, which helps foster collaborative research projects.

    b) Members of NCERA 212 participated in the planning of the 2013 joint meeting with the SSDW and (possibly) the nematology committee. This meeting will allow the exchange of information across university scientists, industry personnel, and producers, which will ultimately help improve management of diseases.

    c) Members of the NCERA 212 discussed initiating a summary and analysis of soybean fungicide data.

    d) Discussion at the 2012 NCERA 212 meeting may lead to the planning of additional soybean disease meetings.

    2. Evaluate the impacts of changing production practices such as earlier planting dates, new sources of host plant resistance, increased use of fungicide seed treatments and foliar fungicides, and other new or improved crop production technologies on soybean diseases.

    Accomplishments for objective 2

    a) Members of the NCERA 212 are working collaboratively to evaluate the effectiveness of seed treatments and fungicide applications against soybean pathogens. Loren Giesler presented a summary of fungicide and fungicide + insecticide applications on yield and disease control in soybean.

    b) Members of NCERA 212 Daren Mueller (Iowa State), Kiersten Wise (Purdue) and Nick Dufault (Florida) have led the efforts to develop a field crop fungicide guide, that will have soybean diseases and fungicide recommendations included in the document. This publication is in collaboration with SSDW and NCERA 208 (soybean rust working group), and will replace the national Soybean Rust Compendium.

    c) Leonor Leandro and Dean Malvick summarized research on the diversity and importance of Fusarium pathogens in Iowa and Minnesota.

    3. Develop research projects to study the ecology and epidemiology of soybean diseases important in the north central region.

    Accomplishments for objective 3

    a) NCERA 212 members are working collaboratively on on-going multi-state research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, and charcoal rot.

    b) Martin Chilvers presented an update on a multi-state research/extension project focused on root rot pathogens.

    c) Jason Bond discussed the initiation of projects to characterize populations of soil-borne soybean pathogens, and develop diagnostic tools to rapidly identify these pathogens.

    4. Improve knowledge transfer about soybean diseases and their management in the North Central Region to researchers, Extension faculty, producers and the agribusiness community through the use of web sites, podcasts and other new technologies as they are developed.

    Accomplishments for objective 4

    a) Members of the NCERA 212 were involved with an updated Management of White Mold guide that included an Extension bulletin and podcast series.

    b) Members of NCERA 212 participated in developing new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network (www.plantmanagementnetwork.com).

    c) Jason Bond initiated discussion on updating Extension resources for diseases of soybean, including root rots, and frogeye leaf spot.

    5. Continue to monitor for any new or reemerging pathogens of soybean in the north central region and develop appropriate responses to their emergence as they occur.

    Accomplishments for objective 5

    a) Members of NCERA 212 worked together to evaluate the soybean rust pest information platform for extension and education (PIPE) public websites impact on certified crop advisers.

    b) Regional surveys of the presence and distribution of important diseases of soybean were concluded, and new surveys were started.

    c) Monitoring for fungicide-resistant C. sojina and C. kikuchii isolates will be an emphasis for the NCERA 212 group in 2012.

    Impact Statements:
    1. Fostered collaborative research and information exchange by bringing a number of soybean pathologists together at a joint meeting of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers and the NCERA-212 Soybean Disease Committee.
    2. Actively collaborated in research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, sclerotinia stem rot, and charcoal rot. These multi-state collaborative projects generated approximately 1.2 million dollars in research and extension support toward the improvement of soybean plant health. Results from these projects will ultimately improve the knowledge base of the soybean pathogens and diseases, which will improve disease management and soybean production.
    3. Prepared a revised version of the Soybean Disease White Paper. The white paper outlines research needed to assist in the development of high yielding, disease resistant varieties that will reduce yield losses to pathogens. This white paper will be used to identify national research needs for the North Central Soybean Research Program, United Soybean Board, state soybean checkoff boards and the USDA.
    4. Developed new webcasts for the Focus on Soybeansection of the Plant Management Network. (http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/focusonsoybean/ ).
    5. Conducted regional surveys of the presence and distribution of important diseases of soybean that will impact grower decisions about soybean production practices and provide early warnings about emerging disease threats to soybean production. Early warnings will focus extension efforts on preventing yield losses through implementation of appropriate disease management practices.
    6. Identified strobilurin fungicide resistance in multiple states for Cercospora sojina. This discovery will impact how producers manage frogeye leaf spot with fungicides by limiting their choices of products to those in the triazole family of fungicides. This discovery may also influence fungicide selection by soybean (and corn) growers by increasing awareness of the risks of fungicide-resistant pathogens.
    7. Coordinated a comprehensive effort on pathogen diagnostics. The national plant diagnostic network (www.npdn.org) allows for rapid responses to the identification of new or re-emerging pathogens in a region by focusing education efforts on yield loss mitigation.
    8. Developed education programs that resulted in savings for farmers and the regional economy. These educational programs included fungicide stewardship, management of important diseases such as SDS and white mold, managing SCN using host-plant resistance and proper use of fungicide seed treatments. Educating growers about soybean disease cycles saved an average of $25 per acre by reducing unnecessary pesticides applications when environmental conditions were unfavorable for disease (eg. white mold) or when fungicide applications are ineffective against disease (eg. SDS).
    9. Evaluated effectiveness of seed treatments and fungicide application, resulting in recommendations to help growers get maximum returns. Growers maximized returns by selecting the most effective fungicides when disease was present and saving $25/acre when spraying was unnecessary.
    10. Contributed to a steady increase in soybean yields resulting from resistance breeding efforts by developing improved screening methods and increasing the knowledge base on soybean pathogens.
    Last Modified: 24-May-2012

    Date of Annual Report: 04/15/2013

    Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 02/13/13 to 02/14/13
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2011 to 09/2012

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The meeting of the NCERA 212: Soybean Diseases Committee was held at the Sheraton Westport Hotel, St Louis, MO, February 13-14, 2013. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Soybean Breeders Workshop.

    The meeting was called to order at 1pm on the 13th of February by Chair, Kiersten Wise (Purdue Univ.). The meeting began with brief introductions of everyone in attendance.

    Brief oral state reports were given on soybean production in 2012, drought was a major factor however some states were not affected as severely as expected. Soybean vein necrosis virus was noted to be an emerging disease which was widespread across most states.

    Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) expert panel: Don Hershman provided an overview of soybean vein necrosis virus. SVNV has been confirmed in 15 states, as far as we know it has not been reported outside of the US. Yield and quality effects are as yet unknown.

    Ioannis Tzanetakis. Conventional RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, ELISA and dot-blot assays are available for diagnostics. Soybean thrips (Sericothrips variabilis) have been demonstrated to be a very effective vector. Morning glories were demonstrated to be an asymptomatic host of SVNV. Legumes tested including soybeans appear not to be hosts of the virus but exhibit a hypertensive (local lesion) response, thus limiting movement of the virus within the plant. Potential exists for the virus to mutate or interact with other viruses to become systemic. Tobacco can be used to maintain the virus in the greenhouse for about a month, before plants succumb to disease. Only the 1st and 2nd thrip larval stages can acquire the virus, not known if SVNV can be passed to thrip offspring, there are only a few tospovirus examples of this.

    Les Domier. Metagenomics of viruses in soybean. SVNV detected across states sampled except North Dakota and only very low genetic diversity of the virus found. A new nepovirus was found with high frequently in North Dakota.

    Discussion from the floor Doug Jardine  Valent trying to organize meeting for AP3 (Ethaboxam) at North Central APS meeting.

    Anne Dorrance led discussion on improving our profile with growers, industry and Universities, to communicate the value of the research and extension that we do both individually, at the University level and as a group. Concern was expressed as to the dissemination of research and extension information and the need to improve this.

    It was suggested to improve linkage with local boards, tour them through labs and greenhouses to demonstrate the research. Can we develop a summary of work done by NCERA212 members to improve soybean production and protect yield. Plant health initiative website does not come up very high in soybean searches, this needs to be examined.

    Marty  Work with Kelly Whiting to arrange to have USB and NCSRP board members to attend NCERA-212 meeting.

    Meeting was called to a close at 5pm and reconvened at 8.30 am on the 14th of February.

    Carl Bradley led a discussion on the large shift in sensitivity to azoxystrobin in 2010. Isolates collected from Southern Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. Some of these fields dont have a high use of fungicides. As well as in vitro agar plate assays, the isolates were also demonstrated to be insensitive in the greenhouse. Discriminatory dose determined to be 0.1ppm azoxystrobin, which can be used to screen isolates directly from sporulating leaf material. Resistance has now been detected in IL, MO, KY, TN, AR, MS, LA, and AL. This does not necessarily translate to lack of control in the field. Observational trials demonstrated big shift in population sensitivity to QoIs in contrast to other MOA, in support of this the G143A mutation was detected.

    Kiersten Wise discussed foliar fungicide efficacy table, it was noted that a foot note should be inserted to state that these recommendations are for soybean grain only, recommendations for edamame may differ.

    Leonor Leandro presented information on the soybean growth stage and susceptibility to F. virguliforme. Tagged plant studies demonstrate that seedlings can grow out of SDS and my not show symptoms for the rest of the season. In flowering delay experiments where reproduction is delayed by picking flowers off plants there was a reduction in SDS foliar incidence and severity and reduction in root rot severity. When plants are exposed to culture filtrate at different growth stages plants demonstrate significantly more symptoms at reproductive stages vs. vegetative stages. [is ethylene involved, can we use GC to see what is happening physiologically?] Empty BPMV vector increases susceptibility to SDS. Are there viral-SDS interactions in the field?

    Anne Dorrance resistance screening discussion. There is a need for a review of screening methods to identify QTLs and minor genes that are being missed by the companies and breeders. Review and comparison of methods is needed. Annes lab lost a field of Conrad to stink bug (all three spp. present) damage. No difference in shape of pod, but seeds will be shriveled, edges of field may have green stems. Need to maintain and secure differentials that are used by many groups. Silvia suggested that the national soybean repository is willing to assist in maintaining these lines. Send list to Anne of wish list of lines so that we can determine costing on reproduction.

    Martin Chilvers discussion on seed treatment efficacy chart. How will growers use the information? Perhaps we need a separate one for us and one for growers? Add additional a.i.s Rhizobium column, may need to add footnote to tell people to check with their rhizobe dealer and label (formulation issue ).

    Ed Sikora ipmPIPE discussion of how to use site for frog eye leaf spot, should the site only show counties in which samples have been tested. Decision to be made at NCERA208 meeting for implementation.

    Scott Isard iPiPE to facilitate data sharing among agriculture stakeholders, will be the next step in evolution of ipmPIPE, with more diseases and entry of data by more stakeholders. Small scale release in 2013 for us to begin using it and determine what works and what doesnt. Android app available now and iPhone app nearly ready.

    Daren Mueller, collecting disease scouting data with Apps. Update on ScoutPro which can be used to collect field data and have that synced up. Can we use this as a tool for improving our collaborative efforts in terms of using consistent rating scales?

    Steve Slack presented an administrative update. NCERA-212 committee up for renewal. Current group terminates Sep 2014. Issues and justification section  by September of 2014, whole re-write due by Dec. If we want to keep same number need a justification, may want to change number to demonstrate change. Need impact statement, for example how we have addressed frog eye leaf spot, SVNV  short statement with photos. Need to emphasize emerging diseases, dynamic system, communicating across state lines to be more efficient. Need to re-request to be on the participant list, need to go through experimental station director to get kept on list. Update objectives to show progress and current situation. Suggest to keep objectives down to about 3 (currently have 7). Take care in how things are worded, to avoid what may look to be duplication of support. Primary objective for this group is information/data sharing.

    Business meeting. 2012 minutes approved, motioned by Carl second Doug, all in favor. Motion to renew NCERA212 group motioned Marty, second Berlin, all in favor Motion Loren, second to switch back to 137 from 212 all in favor. Heather volunteered and elected to secretary in 2014 and chair in 2015, unanimous support. Options for meeting in 2014 include SSDW which meets in March, or virology group John Hill (Chair, Iowa State), Leonor can initiate contact.

    Writing committee for soybean disease committee renewal: Anne, Kiersten, Marty (chair), Loren, Doug, Heather (secretary).

    Meeting was adjourned at 12 noon on February 14th.

    Please note: The compiled State Reports are included as an attachment to these minutes. State reports also include publications.


    URL: Copy of minutes

    Accomplishments:
    Our mission: The NCERA 212 Committee monitors the development of soybean diseases and directs science-based information to breeders and agricultural companies across the US. The committee has a system of rapid exchange of information about current and emerging pathogen issues that helps mitigate yield losses and assists growers and companies in cost savings.

    1. Foster collaborative research and information exchange on new and emerging soybean diseases among scientists in the north central region including soybean breeders and entomologists that will lead to improved disease screening protocols, additional sources of disease resistance genes and ultimately, improved host plant resistance

    2. Compare findings on the impacts of changing production practices such as earlier planting dates, new sources of host plant resistance, increased use of fungicide seed treatments and foliar fungicides, and other new or improved crop production technologies on soybean diseases that could be adopted for other production areas in the region.

    3. Compare data from studies of the ecology and epidemiology of soybean diseases important in the north central region.

    4. Improve knowledge transfer about soybean diseases and their management in the North Central Region to researchers, Extension faculty, producers and the agribusiness community through the use of web sites, podcasts and other new technologies as they are developed.

    5. Continue to monitor and share information for any new or reemerging pathogens of soybean in the north central region and develop appropriate responses to their emergence as they occur.

    Impact Statements:
    1. Soybean production continues to play a prominent role in US agriculture. It is the number one crop in terms of harvested acres in several North Central states and second only to corn in value of production. Over the last 6 years the cash market value of soybeans has more than doubled from 20.5 billion dollars in 2006 to 43.2 billion dollars in 2012. With rising production value, new markets for green energy, and soybean oil replacing crude oil in industrial processes, there is a greater demand to improve yield and quality. Soybean yields have remained relatively steady since 2002, with average yields of 41.9 and 39.6 bu/A reported for 2011 and 2012, respectively (NASS, USDA). The frequency and spread of soybean diseases has played a role in these stagnant yields in several production areas within the North Central region.
    Last Modified: 15-May-2013
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