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S1045: Genetic Considerations for Beef Cattle Production in Challenging Environments

Annual/Termination Reports (SAES-422): [07/26/2010] [07/25/2011] [07/20/2012]

Date of Annual Report: 07/26/2010

Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 06/02/10 to 06/03/10
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2009 to 09/2010

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The first meeting of the new S-1045 regional project technical committee was held on June 2 - June 4, 2010 at the Texas A&M University McGregor Research Center, McGregor, TX. The meeting was officially called to order at 8:30 am on June 2 by Dr. Andy Herring. Dr. Jim Sanders welcomed everyone to the McGregor Research Center and gave a brief history and description of the station. He also described the stations past contributions to previous projects as well the current research being done.

    After an introduction of the committee members Dr. Andy Herring announced the members of the Resolutions Committee (Drs. Sid DeRouen, Fred Thrift, and Rhonda Vann) and the Nominating Committee (Drs. Mike Brown, David Riley and Wayne Wyatt).

    Dr. Fred Thrift gave the group an update on the joint analysis of objective 2 from the previous project S-1013. Data from S-243 and S-277 projects were also compiled and used in the joint paper titled Review: Preweaning, Postweaning and Carcass Trait Comparisons for Progeny Sired by Subtropical Adapted Beef Sire Breeds at Various U.S. Locations. Dr. Thrift indicated that a version had been sent to JAS for review and has received no response to date. The issue of cost for the publication was discussed and decided that assistance would be asked from the administrative advisor for the group, Dr. David Morrison. If the request was unsuccessful, the authors decided to contribute equally. Dr. Thrift was thanked by the group for his work in compiling the data and he indicated that the cow traits would be compiled in the next year. Dr. Hayden Brown shared analysis and results on objective 3 of the previous S-1013 project. He indicated that a paper was being prepared for review and publication. Dr. Brown indicated that contributing stations with temperament data (exit velocity or flight speed) for the objective should put the data together for analysis and publication.

    Station reports and discussion of data collection for the new S-1045 project began and Dr. Andy Herring asked that each station give their reports for each objective. Discussion was led by Dr. Fred Thrift on objective 1a. Dr. Thrift prepared number codes for each contributing station for this objective for ease in collation of data at the end of the project time period. He suggested that a common Angus sire (Bon View New Design 878) be used to tie populations together for genetic analysis. He still encouraged stations to collect the data even if the sire was not used or going to be used in the future. Data collected for the incidence of pinkeye should include a code of 0 through 2 with 0 = None, 1= Slight, and 2 = Severe for each eye. The group requested that Dr. Thrift provide all contributing stations with pictures of the different scores, specifically 1 and 2, so stations could be standardized in their assessments of the animals for this objective.

    Dr. Andy Herring led the discussion on objective 1b. Dr. Herring indicated that because of the nature of this objective that funding sources are needed and that there are some companies that might be interested in giving support. Station reports for this object were heard from Dr. Andy Herring (Texas A&M) and Dr. Sid DeRouen representing the Hill Farm/Dean Lee and Iberia stations in Louisiana.

    For objective 1c, Dr. Bob Godfrey provided a station report and also discussed data collection for this objective. He stated that several methods were being looked at for the counting of ticks and flies on animals involved in the objective. Digital pictures could be an option and this collection would be more refined this summer. He indicated that each contributing station would be contacted with the protocol once it was decided. After this discussion, the group broke for some time to view the cattle at the McGregor station before and after lunch which was provided at the meeting location.

    After the break, Dr. Sid DeRouen gave a station report and facilitated discussion for objective 2. It was recommended that pregnancy status, body condition scores, and cow weights be added to the objective for cow traits. When to measure cow weights was discussed and the group decided that each station would decide on when to take those according to when cows are brought up for herd management. Dr. Gary Hansen suggested that reproductive tract scores on heifers be taken if stations have the ability to do so. Two measures were added to the calf traits that included a birth code of 1 through 3 with 1 = single birth, 2 = twins, and 3 = genetic abnormality and a calf survival code of 1 through 6 with 1 = normal, 2 = stillborn, 3 = death during delivery, 4 = death before 3 days of age, 5 = death between 3 and 14 days, and 6 = death after 14 days. Drs. Wayne Wyatt and Gary Hansen were asked to send contributing stations information on coat color codes to be used on the calves. Dr. Hayden Brown suggested that recording disposition of the cow at calving would be another important trait to assess. Station reports were given by Drs. Sid DeRouen and Mike Brown. Dr. David Riley recommended that a genetic tie should be considered for the stations that are milking cows for this objective. Dr. Jim Sanders added that maybe the group should consider molecular linkages through SNP data. Drs. Wayne Wyatt and Gary Hansen volunteered to create a spreadsheet for all traits to identify linkages among herds at different stations.

    Collection procedures for objective 3 were discussed. Dr. Andy Herring asked that information on the animals collected and the type of samples used at each station be sent to him in order to compile a summary for each year. Dr. Matt Garcia suggested that ear notches should be taken at birth. The group asked that he provide information to each contributor on the type of materials needed to collect this type of sample.

    Dr. Bob Godfrey led the discussion for objective 4 and provided a station report. Dr. Godfrey indicated that the protocol on the collection of hair samples will be refined this summer and the information sent to contributors. Dr. Wayne Wyatt gave station reports for Dean Lee, Iberia, and Central stations in Louisiana. During his presentation questions were brought up about the objectives ability to assess true measures of body heat with rectal thermometers and the amount of error that can occur from estimating respiration rate. In response to these questions, Dr. Sid DeRouen suggested dropping respiration rate and adding shedding scores to the protocol. Dr. Jim Sanders requested that Dr. Trent Smith send descriptions and pictures of the different shedding scores to all contributing stations. A debate on when to take shedding scores occurred but the topic was tabled until the next day. The group adjourned for the day at 4:00 p.m.

    The group reconvened on June 3 at the McGregor Research Center facility. Dr. Andy Herring called the meeting to order at 8:05 a.m. He requested that each station send a copy of their station report to him within the next 30 days so that a combined document can be prepared and sent to the administrative advisor. A request was made that Drs. Wayne Wyatt and Sid DeRouen provide the group with pictures of the hair luster and lengths scores that will be used in objective 4. It was decided that collection of hair shedding scores would need to be done when it was meaningful for each station. At this time, discussion ended on the new project S-1045. Business meeting was called by Dr. Andy Herring at 8:15. Dr. Herring requested reports from the nominating and resolution committees. The nominating committee (Drs. Mike Brown, David Riley and Wayne Wyatt) made the following nominations: Dr. Bob Godfrey (chair), Dr. Trent Smith (chair elect) and Dr. Gary Hansen (secretary). The nominated individuals were elected by unanimous vote.

    The resolution committee (Drs. Sid DeRouen, Fred Thrift, and Rhonda Vann) submitted their report as follows:

    Whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is committed to improving beef cattle production systems in the southern region and other regions of the United States.

    And whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is improved by exchange of research findings and approaches at different institutions and locations as well as observing different beef cattle production systems.

    Therefore, be it resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee expresses its gratitude to Drs. Jim Sanders, Andy Herring, David Riley and Jason Sawyer and Ms. Priscilla Dowell and Ms. Annie Clement at McGregor Research Center for planning and coordinating its 2010 annual meeting in McGregor, TX and for coordinating tours of the research cattle herds at the McGregor Research Center and privately owned cattle herds belonging to Mark Hannan (Happy Cattle Company), Mike Partin (Heart Bar Ranch), Tom McGrady (McGrady Ranch) and Bill and Yvonne Woods (Woodstone Angus Ranch).

    Be it also resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee expresses appreciation to Drs. Fred Thrift, Bill Holloway, David Riley, Gary Hansen, Trent Smith, Bob Godfrey and Rhonda Vann for developing the text of the objectives, and to Dr. Andy Herring for serving as the overall writing coordinator of the new project and coordination of this meeting and meeting location.

    Be it also resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee extends its thanks to Dr. David Morrison for his oversight, leadership, and friendship as administrative advisor of the project.

    Respectively submitted 6/3/10 by Fred Thrift, Sid DeRouen, and Rhonda Vann.

    The resolutions were approved by unanimous vote.

    Dr. Andy Herring initiated discussion of the location for next years meeting. Dr. Gary Hansen invited the group to meet in North Carolina in 2011 at the Tidewater Research Center. The group accepted the offer.

    The meeting was adjourned by Dr. Andy Herring at 8:45 a.m. and the group then traveled to Mark Hannans Happy Cattle Company near Athens, Texas followed by a trip to Mike Partins Heart Bar Ranch at Montalba, Texas. The tours ended with travel to Huntsville for the night.

    On June 4th at 8:00 a.m., the group left Huntsville and traveled to Tom McGradys Polled Hereford and South Poll cattle operation. The group finished up the tours at Woodstone Angus Ranch in New Ulm and then departed.

    Meeting minutes are respectfully submitted by Dr. Trent Smith, secretary.

    Accomplishments:
    As this is the first year of the project, there have been limited analyses conducted on data. This section of the report is presented by objective, and primarily highlights data that have been collected to date.

    Objective 1, Estimation of genetic variation associated with susceptibility/resistance to specific measures of disease stress in cattle managed on forage, has three specific components of 1a- Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis, 1b-Bovine Respiratory Disease vaccination response, and 1c-External Parasites .

    Objective 1a: Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)

    In Kentucky, cooperator-owned, spring-born purebred Angus calves are evaluated at weaning for evidence of IBK acquired during the preweaning period. The following subjective scoring system is utilized to evaluate each eye: 0=no evidence of IBK in eye, 1=slight case of IBK in eye, 2=severe case of IBK in eye. Incidence of IBK in right (RE) and left (LE) eyes has been collected on 490 calves at weaning during 2008 (n = 208) and 2009 (n = 282). Percent IBK incidence were: 5.8% in the right eye and 8.7% in the left eye in 2008 and 15.6% in the right eye and 12.0% in the left eye in 2009.

    In Arkansas, subjective eye scores for IBK were determined for purebred (n = 164) and commercial calves (n = 81) at three locations in northwest Arkansas. The purebred calves are in the registry of the American Angus Association. New Design 878 was the common sire used across these locations. The commercial Angus calves were sired by purebred Angus bulls.

    In Louisiana, a total of 373 calves (206 calves at the Hill Farm/Dean Lee Stations and 167 calves at the Iberia Research Station) were evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) during the preweaning period using a subjective scoring system where 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye and 1 = evidence of IBK in one or both eyes.

    In Mississippi, crossbred calves (n = 74) at the Brown Loam Experiment station were evaluated at weaning for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) using a subjective scoring system where 0=no evidence of IBK in either eye and 1=evidence of IBK in one eye and 2=evidence in IBK in both eyes. At Starkville, Angus (67), Hereford (21), and Charolais (23) calves were evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis at weaning. Calves were born late August through mid November and were weaned the first week of May at about 205 days of age. A subjective scoring system was used where 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye, and 1 = evidence of IBK in one or both eyes.

    Objective 1b: Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccination Response

    All locations in Objective 1b use the same vaccines.

    In Louisiana, 373 calves were also evaluated to access genetic variation for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Complex. All calves were vaccinated with either a killed or a modified-live vaccine (MLV) at weaning. Body weight, rectal temperature and blood serum were collected on calves at the time the booster vaccination of a killed vaccine was administered or the time a single MLV was administered (Day 0). Body weight, rectal temperature and blood serum were also collected 28 or 42 days later. Sera was frozen and banked for later antibody titer response assays and whole blood was collected and frozen (-80C) for future evaluation of genomic DNA as genetic markers for immune function and health status as funding allows. Calves were observed for visual signs of illness and scored on a 1 to 5 scale for gut fill (1 = normal to 5 = extremely gaunt), attitude (1 = normal to 5 = nonambulatory), ocular discharge (1 = none to 5 = extreme), and nasal discharge (1 = none to 5 = extreme). Animals suspected of having BRD had additional rectal temperatures collected and all health treatments administered were recorded.

    In Texas, 78 yearling steers (half Bos indicus-half Bos taurus) were were verified to be bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-free through ear notch IHC and were not vaccinated for bovine respiratory disease before the vaccination trial began. Approximately 33.3% were assigned to killed vaccine treatment, 33.3% were assigned to modified-live vaccine treatment, and 33.3% were not vaccinated. Steers were stratified by sire and cow family across three treatments. Cattle in the killed vaccine group were injected with a commercially available killed BRD vaccine according to label directions 56 and 35 days before challenge. Cattle in the modified-live (MLV) group were injected with a commercially available MLV vaccine 35 days before challenge. Cattle were challenged (day 0) with a Type 1b, non-cytopathic BVD virus strain. Cattle had blood samples, rectal temperature, weights, feed intake and visual observations of health collected. Objective 2: Characterize diverse, tropically adapted beef breeds in subtropical and temperate areas of the United States with emphasis on cow fertility and productivity in comparison to Bos indicus influenced breeds and types.

    In Louisiana, reproductive and maternal information were collected on a total of 848 heifers and cows and 604 calves from 3 locations in 2009. Information obtained include breed of cow, sire/sire breed and dam/ dam breed of cow, cow birth year, mating information (natural or artificial insemination; single or multiple sires; number of cows per bull; season or insemination dates), predominant forage, sire/sire breed of calf, calving date, calf birth code (1 = single; 2 = twin; 3 = genetic abnormality), coat color, calving difficulty (1 = normal; 2 = easy pull; 3 = hard pull; 4 = caesarian section; note the abnormal presentation of calf), calf vigor issues (1 = normal; 2 = weak but nursed without assistance; 3 = weak and assisted to nurse; add any notes), calf survival (1 = normal; 2 = stillborn; 3 = died in delivery; 4 = died before 3 days; 5 = died after 3 days; 6 = died before weaning), birth weight, weaning date, weaning weight, date of death and reason/notes, date of culling and reason/notes, and date of occurrence and notes related to any health issue.

    In Mississippi, data were collected on 196 spring and fall calving Angus, Hereford, and Charolais cows. Cows were managed for two A.I. breedings and placed with clean-up bulls for approximately 30 days. Cows calved from late August to mid-November (fall 2009) and late January to late March (spring 2010). The following data were collected on the cows: breed, sire/sire breed and dam/ dam breed of cow, birth date, mating information, predominant forage in pastures and if females were culled or died during production, reasons were documented. The following information was taken during calving season on all cows: calving date, calving difficulty (1 = normal; 2 = easy pull; 3 = hard pull; 4 = caesarian section; note the abnormal presentation of calf), and calf vigor issues (1 = normal; 2 = weak but nursed without assistance; 3 = weak and assisted to nurse; add any notes). Calf records included sire/sire breed of calf, birth weight within 24 hrs, weaning date, weaning weight, and documentation if calf died during the preweaning period or had health issues.

    In Texas (TAMU), a genomics project was initiated in 2002 with the primary objective of finding genes with major effects on cow productivity traits and secondary objectives of finding genes with major effects on disposition, feed efficiency, and carcass and meat traits. Embryo transfer families of F2 Nellore/Angus calves have been produced, with the goal of twenty heifers per family in ten families. The families are out of ten donor cows (some donors have been replaced because of poor embryo production) and by a total of four bulls. The first calves from this study were born in the spring 2003, with calves born in both the spring and fall, up through the spring of 2007. In addition to the embryo transfer full-sib families, four half-sib families were produced by mating F1 Angus-Nellore sires, by natural service, to F1 and F2 Brahman-Hereford and Brahman-Angus dams. These calves are produced in multiple-sire breeding pastures and required DNA identification of their sires. The four sires of the embryo transfer families are included in the bulls that produce these natural service calves. The natural service calves identified as being sired by these four bulls are evaluated in the same way as the embryo transfer calves. Note that the calves within any one of these half sib families are also half sibs to the calves in at least two of the embryo transfer full-sib families. Two additional cycles of the genomics project have been started. Cycle 2 involves the production by natural service of all four types of Nellore - Angus reciprocal F2s, to continue our evaluation of reciprocal differences in Bos indicus - Bos taurus crosses. Cycle 3 involves the production of F3s from animals produced in Cycle 1.

    Objective 3: Establish a DNA bank for characterization of molecular markers, genetic parameter estimation and future discovery of genes that influence economically important traits in pedigreed beef cattle populations.

    At Starkville, Mississippi, DNA samples have been collected via whole blood and hair cards on spring calving cows (n=40) and fall 2009 weaned calves (n=111). Whole blood was collected and placed in 2ml cryotubes and stored in a -80°C freezer. Both blood samples and hair cards were cataloged for future reference. Hair samples were collected on spring 2010 calves and blood samples will be taken at weaning. Fall calving cows are to be sampled in the first week of June 2010. Information on each animal includes animal, sire and dam identification, breed, and location. DNA will be extracted in the future to find genetic markers associated with cow reproductive and maternal traits and calf traits.

    In Texas (TAMU), for the cattle in Cycle 1 of the genomics project, DNA was extracted from either blood or semen for all of the grandparents and parents of the embryo transfer calves. For the embryo transfer calves, a small blood sample (about 5 cc) was collected shortly after birth; in addition, for male calves, the bottom of the scrotum and the testicles were saved for DNA extraction. Shortly before weaning, a larger (200 cc) blood sample was collected for each calf in the project. In the fall 2001, all cattle at the McGregor station, including the cattle in Objective 2 of this project, were bled for DNA extraction. In each successive year, calves are bled shortly before weaning.

    Objective 4: Evaluation of relationships between hair coat and production traits in beef cattle breed types

    At Starkville, Mississippi Spring-calving cows and fall-weaned calves (Same calves as described in objective 1a) were evaluated prior to breeding season and at weaning, respectively. At each collection point, rectal and thermal surface temperatures were collected over the rump, rib, and shoulder. Hair samples (2 x 4) were collected for weighing before thermal images were taken. Respiration rate was collected after the animal entered the chute and before squeeze was applied. Hair coat scores were taken by using a 5-point scale for luster: 1 = glossy, healthy appearance; 2 = slightly glossy with patches of dull; 3 = intermediate between glossy and dull; 4 = mostly dull, some indication of unthriftiness; and 5 = dull and unthrifty and length: 1 = short; 2 = shows some winter growth; 3 = intermediate in length; 4 = long in places, but intermediate in others; and 5 = long.

    At Brown Loam Mississippi Station, crossbred calves (n=74) were evaluated at weaning for hair coat scores and surface temperature. Calves were weighed, restrained in the cattle squeeze chute and surface temp collected and then hair samples collected over the shoulder, ribs and hip region and then evaluated for hair coat length and luster. Hair coat luster was subjectively evaluated using the following 5-point scale: 1=glossy, healthy appearance; 2=slightly glossy with patches of dull; 3-intermediate between glossy and dull; 4=mostly dull, some indication of unthriftiness; and 5=dull and unthrifty. Hair length scores were subjectively evaluated using the following 6 point scale: 1=evidence of the slick phenotype; 2=short; 3=shows some winter growth; 4=intermediate in length; 5=long in places, but intermediate in others; and 6=long. In addition an ear notch was collected and stored for possible future DNA analysis.

    At Texas (TAMU), Based on protocols discussed at this years meeting, some of the cattle involved in Objective 2 of this regional project will be allocated for the scoring of hair coat characteristics.

    In the Virgin Islands, work has focused on Senepol cattle with slick hair phenotype. A single gene has been identified that is responsible for expression of a phenotype in cattle characterized by a short, sleek hair coat and increased heat tolerance as measured by lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates. This gene has been found in Senepol cattle and it has been determined that it has a simple dominance mode of inheritance. All cows in the UVI research herd have been identified as either homozygous (HH) or non-homozygous (NH) for the slick hair gene by testing for a closely linked marker. The objective of this trial was to compare the hair coat characteristics and body temperature measurements of the two genotypes. The NH genotype was detected in 19% of the cows and a subsample of NH (n = 5) and HH (n = 6) cows were used in this study. Cows were loosely restrained in a shaded squeeze chute between 1030 and 1230 hr for sample collection. Hair samples were collected from the shoulder, over the ribs and rump in a 40.6 cm2 area using electric clippers. Surface temperature (ST) of a non-clipped area over the ribs was measured using an infrared thermometer. Rectal temperature (RT) was collected using a digital veterinary thermometer. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting breaths for 15 s and adjusting to breaths per minute (bpm). Hair samples were weighed and individual hairs were counted to determine hair weight and density. Individual hair weight was estimated by dividing the sample weight by number of hairs.

    Plans for upcoming year

    There are no significant deviations to plans and methodology as laid out in the project proposal. Data collection will continue and analyses results will be presented next year. Some locations were not able to collect data in 2009-2010 to contribute to this years report but will contribute to the project beginning in 2010-2011. There was productive discussion at the 2010 meeting to standardize the eye score system for IBK (Objective 1a) with photos circulated to the committee. Additionally, productive discussions of the hair coat scoring system at the 2010 meeting also produced increased standardization of scoring. Individual states budget concerns may dictate access to animals and animal numbers for participants, but are not foreseen as a major threat to the success of the project.

    Impact Statements:
    1. Large-scale evaluation of genetic differences for health-related phenotypes in cattle has been rare. Documentation of family lines that respond differently to various diseases and stressors will provide information to allow producers to select for healthier animals, and subsequently reduce input costs.
    2. Diversity of extent and/or source of tropically adapted breeds is represented in calves and breeding females of research herds throughout the southern region; this provides a unique resource to evaluate adaptability traits (e.g., rectal temperature, respiration rate, hair coat scores, etc.) that may be related to economically important production traits such as fertility, and provide producers with better information to design and sustain breeding systems.
    3. The participants in this project have detailed pedigree and phenotypic information in conjunction with DNA on large numbers of animal. As genomics information and analyses progress, populations in this project will be available evaluate new genomics discovery as well as to validate molecular markers for many traits of economic importance, particularly traits related to adaptation and female reproduction in challenging production environments.
    4. The evaluation of hair coat length/hair shedding patterns in conjunction with growth and reproductive performance should provide a great basis of information that identifies animals that are genetically adapted to production environments, thus providing producers additional information for improved breeding decisions.
    Last Modified: 02-Aug-2010

    Date of Annual Report: 07/25/2011

    Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 06/01/11 to 06/02/11
  • Period the Report Covers: 06/2010 to 05/2011

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The second meeting of the new S-1045 regional project technical committee was held on June 1 - June 2, 2011 at the Tidewater Research Station in Plymouth, North Carolina. The meeting was officially called to order at 8:00 am by Dr. Bob Godfrey, S-1045 Project Chairman for 2011. Dr. Gary Hansen welcomed everyone to the Tidewater Research Station and gave a brief history and description of the station. He also described the stations diverse research projects and programs. He discussed the current cow herd and research projects along with past research that had been conducted at the station.

    After an introduction of the committee members attending the meeting, Dr. Bob Godfrey asked for volunteers to be members of the Resolutions Committee and the Nominating Committee. The following members volunteered to be on the various committees: Resolutions Committee: Drs. Andy Herring, Trent Smith and Jeremy Powell Nominating Committee: Drs. Jim Sanders, Gary Hansen and Hayden Brown Motion was made to accept the committees as presented and approved unanimously.

    Dr Godfrey asked that each objective be discussed in whole before moving into discussion on the next objective. Discussion was initiated on Objective 1.

    Objective 1 - Estimation of genetic variation associated with susceptibility/resistance to specific measures of disease stress in cattle managed on forage. Objective 1a. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis: Fred Thrift has asked to be relieved of his role as coordinator of objective 1a. Hayden Brown has accepted the responsibility of coordination of this part of objective 1. Discussion was led by Dr. Hayden Brown. Dr. Brown informed the group that Dr. Fred Thrift (Kentucky) will no longer be participating in the group due to his retirement. Dr. Sanders indicated that the Uvalde station was being closed and that personnel from this research station would be moved to other stations within the State of Texas. This leaves the following 8 locations (Arkansas, Texas (McGregor), Louisiana (Baton Rouge, Homer, Iberia), Florida (USDA-ARS, STARS, Brooksville) and Mississippi (State College, Brown Loam Experiment Station) where calves will be evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis during the pre-weaning period.

    Dr. Brown reminded stations participating in this objective to use the common Angus sire (Bon View New Design 878) to tie populations together for genetic analysis. He also reiterated that stations use the prepared number codes for each contributing station for this objective for ease in collation of data at the end of the project time period. He will e-mail the codes to each station. Data collected for the incidence of pinkeye should include a code of 0 through 2 with 0 = None, 1= Slight, and 2 = Severe for each eye. Station reports were presented for the Arkansas (Brown), Texas (Sanders), Louisiana (DeRouen) and Mississippi (Smith) stations. Reports were handed out to each participant and will be submitted with the final report.

    Objective 1b-Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: Dr. Andy Herring led the discussion on objective 1b. Dr. Herring indicated that because of the nature of this objective that funding sources are needed and that there are pharmaceutical companies that have donated vaccine for this project. Questions were asked to why the values for reporting titers were based on log2. After some good discussion, it was determined that the log2 values would be used to report titer levels as this is what is used in the literature. Using standardized protocols across stations was discussed and will be addressed by the stations cooperating in this objective. Station reports for this objective were presented by Dr. Andy Herring (Texas A&M) Dr. Jeremy Powell (Arkansas), Dr Trent Smith (Mississippi) and Dr. Sid DeRouen representing the Hill Farm/Dean Lee and Iberia stations in Louisiana. Reports from each station were handed out, discussed and will be submitted in the final report.

    Objective 1c-Specific External Parasites: Dr. Bob Godfrey led the discussion on this objective. How, when and in what form the data would be collected for this objective was discussed. He stated that several methods were being looked at for the counting of ticks and flies on animals involved in the objective. Digital pictures could be an option and this collection would be more refined this summer. He indicated that each contributing station would be contacted with the protocol once it was decided. Station reports were presented by Dr Bob Godfrey (Virgin Island). Tick counts will be obtained from bull and heifer calves at weaning and at yearling age at participating locations (Virgin Islands, Mississippi-Brown Loam).

    After a lunch break the group toured the Tidewater Research Station.

    On Thursday June 2, 2011 the meeting was reconvened at 8:00 am by Dr. Bob Godfrey. Discussion continued with presentation of Objective 2, 3 and 4.

    Objective 2 - Characterize diverse, tropically adapted beef breeds in subtropical and temperate areas of the United States with emphasis on cow fertility and productivity in comparison to Bos indicus influenced breeds and types Dr. Gary Hansen facilitated discussion for objective 2. He reported that after last years meeting, he had followed up with Dr. Wayne Wyatt to develop the spreadsheet for this objective. He e-mailed a preliminary Excel spreadsheet to Dr. Wyatt, but did not get a response. Several in the room said that Dr. Wyatt was extremely busy with business at the Iberia Station and concluded this to be the reason that he had not responded. Discussion on this objective was tabled until the next day to give Dr. Hansen the opportunity to get the spreadsheet in the final format to present to the group. Discussion on this objective was continued first thing on Thursday June 2nd. Recommendations from the previous year meeting that pregnancy status, body condition scores, and cow weights were added to the objective for cow traits. When to measure cow weights and body condition scores was discussed and the group decided that both measurements would be taken when calves are weaned, at calving, and prior to breeding. Calf birth code was discussed and it was concluded that the scores of 1 through 3 with 1 = single birth, 2 = twins, and 3 = genetic abnormality was sufficient for this trait. However, it was determined that calf survival code of 1 through 6 where 1 = normal, 2 = stillborn, 3 = death during delivery, 4 = death before 3 days of age, 5 = death between 3 and 14 days, and 6 = death after 14 days, that codes 2 and 3 where redundant. Consensus was reached that the two codes would be combined with calf survival code 2 = stillborn or death during delivery representing both classifications.

    Dr. Jim Sanders commented that while pregnancy status informs us of how many cows are pregnant it doesnt represent how many cows actually give birth and wean a calf. Following discussion, two new traits where added to the spreadsheet, calving status and weaning status (0 = No, 1 = Yes).

    Previously, Dr. Mauricio Elzo was asked to do the statistical analysis for this objective. Dr. Jim Sanders brought up the fact that Dr. Elzo had not attended any of our meetings and asked the group if they thought that this should be changed. Dr. David Riley commented that if Dr. Elzo was still willing to do the analysis, that he was probably the best individual to do it. Dr. Gary Hansen agreed with Dr. Riley and would approach Dr. Elzo as to his intentions with the project. It was agreed that if Dr. Elzo was still in agreement with the groups goals, he would remain in this position.

    Calving assistance codes were defined as using the BIF Guidelines where 1 = No difficulty, no assistance, 2 = Minor difficulty, some assistance, 3 = Major difficulty, usually mechanical assistance, 4 = Caesarian section or other surgery, 5 = Abnormal presentation. Calf vigor codes were also defined where 1 = normal, vigorous calf; 2 = weak calf that nursed without assistance, 3 = weak calf that was assisted to nurse (Riley, et. al., 2004). Cow temperament at calving was also added as a trait, but codes were not assigned by the group but were later assigned by Dr. Hansen where 1 = Non-aggressive, 2 = Slightly aggressive, 3 = Aggressive, 4 = Moderately aggressive, 5 = Very aggressive.

    Dr. Gary Hansen was asked to develop and send contributing stations information on coat color codes to be used on the calves. He will also send the updated spreadsheet to each contributing station.

    Dr. David Riley recommended that a genetic tie should be considered for the stations that are milking cows for this objective. Dr. Jim Sanders added that maybe the group should consider molecular linkages through SNP data. Station reports were given by Dr. Sid DeRouen.

    Participating locations will include Arkansas (Fayetteville and Booneville), Florida (Brooksville and Gainesville), Louisiana (Hill Farm and Iberia), Mississippi (Brown Loam and Starkville), North Carolina (Tidewater, Reidsville, Goldsboro, and Butner), Oklahoma (El Reno), South Carolina, Texas (McGregor) and Virgin Islands.

    Objective 3 - Establish a DNA bank for characterization of molecular markers, genetic parameter estimation and future discovery of genes that influence economically important traits in pedigreed beef cattle populations. Objective Coordinators: Drs. Andy Herring, Gary Hansen and Trent Smith Collection procedures for objective 3 were discussed. It was decided that DNA samples will be collected and stored on site at each research station. Dr. Andy Herring asked that information on the animals collected and the type of samples used at each station be sent to him in order to compile a summary for each year. He presented a spreadsheet to accommodate the collection of the data.

    All stations will participate in this objective.

    Objective 4 - Evaluation of relationships between hair coat and production traits in beef cattle breed types. Dr. Trent Smith and Dr. Dr. Godfrey led the discussion for objective 4. Dr Smith showed the group a slide presentation on hair coat shedding score. Cattle are scored in May to early June depending on location. Scores range from 1-5 with a score of 1 being cows that have shed all of their winter coat and a score of 5 being cows that have not shed their winter coat. The was a lot of discussion on what effect forage (fescue), whether a cow calved in the spring or fall and nutrient status of cow would have on hair coat shedding score. Dr. Jim Sanders requested that Dr. Trent Smith agreed to send descriptions and pictures of the different shedding scores to all contributing stations.

    Drs. Smith, Godfrey and Sanders gave station reports.

    Dr Bob Godfrey requested that each station send a copy of their station report to him within the next 30 days so that a combined document can be prepared and sent to the administrative advisor, Dr. David Morrison.

    Dr. David Morrison represented USDA-NIFA as no representative was present from this organization. He presented the new goals and organization of NIFA and also what the funding levels were approximated to be for the coming year.

    Business meeting was called by Dr. Bob Godfrey at 11:30 AM. Dr. Godfrey requested reports from the nominating and resolution committees. The nominating committee (Drs. James Sanders, Gary Hansen and Hayden Brown) made the following nominations: Dr. Trent Smith (chair), Dr. Gary Hansen (chair elect) and Dr. David Riley (secretary). The nominated individuals were elected by unanimous vote.

    The resolution committee (Drs. Andy Herring, Trent Smith and Jeremy Powell) submitted their report as follows:

    Whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is committed to improving beef cattle production systems in the southern region and other regions of the United States.

    And whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is improved by exchange of research findings and approaches at different institutions and locations as well as observing different beef cattle production systems.

    Therefore, be it resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee expresses its gratitude to Dr. Gary Hansen and the staff of the NC State Tidewater Research Station for hosting and Drs. Gary Hansen and Bob Godfrey for planning and coordinating its 2011 annual meeting in Plymouth, NC. We would also like to thank the Coastal Carolina Cattlemens Association (Perry Eure and LE Smith) and Stanley Oliver for preparing the noon meals.

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Mark Clough, Dr. Ron Heiniger, Kent Gray, Brian Shannon and Eugene Won for their educational presentations on research programs at the Tidewater Research Station.

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Dr Justin Holl of Smithfield Premium Genetics, Lane Angus Farm and Vandemark Angus for their hospitality and tours of their operations.

    Be it also resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee extends its thanks to Dr. David Morrison for his continuing oversight, leadership, and friendship as administrative advisor of the project.

    The resolutions were approved by unanimous vote.

    Dr. Bob Godfrey initiated discussion for the date and location of next years meeting. Dr. Trent Smith invited the group to meet in Starkville, Mississippi in 2012 on May 29-31st with the 29th as a travel day. The group accepted the offer.

    The meeting was adjourned by Dr Bob Godfrey at 12:00 PM. and lunch was served by Stanley Oliver. Following lunch Dr. Justin Holl gave an informative presentation on Smithfield Premium Genetics.

    Accomplishments:
    This section of the report is presented by objective, and highlights new data that have been collected to date.

    Objective 1: Estimation of genetic variation associated with susceptibility/resistance to specific measures of disease stress in cattle managed on forage Objective 1a - Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis In Arkansas, Calves (n = 868) were evaluated in 2009, 2010, and 2011 for Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) scars. Calves were all Angus sired. There were 119 sires represented including New Design 878. The 878 sire was represented at location 1 by 3 calves, location 2 by 4 calves, and location 3 by 19 calves. Scaring from IBK infections was 5% for fall born calves weaned in the spring while 30% of the spring born calves weaned in the fall had IBK scars. Scaring from IBK differed (P < 0.001) among year, season of birth, and location. Non-scared calves had greater (P < 0.05) adjusted mean weaning weight than scared calves (268 ± 2.1 vs. 250 ± 3.9 kg).

    In Louisiana, a total of 809 calves (398 calves at Dean Lee Research Station and 411 calves at the Iberia Research Station) in 2009 and 2010 were evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) during the preweaning period using a subjective scoring system where: 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye; 1 = evidence of IBK in one eye; and 2 = evidence of IBK in both eyes. Little to no evidence of IBK was observed during the preweaning period of 809 calves observed at two locations over two years.

    In Mississippi, Fall and spring born Angus (86), Hereford (35), and Charolais (28) calves were evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis at weaning in May and September 2010. A subjective scoring system was used where 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye and 1 = evidence of IBK in one or both eyes. To date records have been collected on 149 head of Angus, Hereford, and Charolais calves at weaning. These records represent one calf crop (Spring and fall 2010). All calves were given a score of zero at weaning which indicates no incidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis.

    Objective 1b: Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccination Response In Arkansas, Calves (n = 64) were allotted to one of two treatments (TRT1, n = 32); TRT2, n = 32). At 60 d of age (d 0) and at weaning, calves in TRT1 were vaccinated against BVDB (Pyramid 5). Calves in TRT2 were vaccinated against BVDV at 21 d prior to and again at weaning. Serum from half of the calves in each group (TRT1, n = 16); TRT2, n = 16) was harvested for determination of lg response from jugular blood samples taken on d 0, d 21, d 126 (21 d prior to weaning), and d 147 (at weaning). Serum was sent to Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for determination of lg response using viral neutralization. Prior to analysis BVDV Type 1 titers were transformed to log base 2 (log2). Data were analyzed using mixed model procedures. Fixed effects were treatment, sex and date. Random effect was calf. Mean log2 of BVDV Type 1 titers were different (P < 0.0001) for TRT1 compared to TRT2 (7.5±0.36 and 5.1±0.36, respectively). Mean log2 of BVDV Type 1 titers were higher on day 147 (P < 0.0001) compared to d 126, d 21 and d 0 (8.3±0.39, 5.1±0.40, 5.9±0.39 and 5.7±0.39, respectively). A treatment x date interaction (P < 0.0001) was also identified for the mean log1 of BVDV Type 1 titers. This study indicated that vaccinating beef calves against BVDV was effective in triggering an lg response.

    In Texas, 78 yearling F2 and F3 steers from the Texas A&M University McGregor Genomics Project were stratified by sire and cow family across BRD vaccine treatments of (1) killed, (2) modified live (MLV), or (3) no vaccine (NON), and administered an intranasal challenge with BVD virus Type 1b strain CA0401186a. Cattle in the killed group received a primary and booster vaccination with a commercial BRD vaccine on days -56 and -35, respectively; cattle in the modified live group received a single vaccination on day -35. All cattle were challenged on day 0. Blood and serum were evaluated for serum neutralizing antibody titers (days -56, -35, 0, 14, 28 and 42) and hematology profile (days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42), and animals were evaluated for rectal temperature (days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28 and 42) and visual clinical signs (twice daily for 14 days following challenge). Individual feed intake and feeding behavior were recorded for 70 days (28 days prior to challenge and 42 days following challenge). Temperament based on subjective scoring after weaning and objective exit velocity coinciding with the challenge period was assessed. After the 42-day evaluation period, steers were fed at a commercial feedlot in South Texas, and harvested at a commercial beef plant; carcass data including liver abscess and lung color scores were collected.

    Objective 2: Characterize diverse, tropically adapted beef breeds in subtropical and temperate areas of the United States with emphasis on cow fertility and productivity in comparison to Bos indicus influenced breeds and types.

    In Louisiana, reproductive and maternal information were collected on a total of 1,757 replacement heifers and cows and 1,309 calves from 3 locations (Central, Dean Lee and Iberia Research Stations) in 2009 and 2010. Information obtained include breed of cow, sire/sire breed and dam/ dam breed of cow, cow birth year, mating information (natural or artificial insemination; single or multiple sires; season or insemination dates), predominant forage, sire/sire breed of calf, calving date, calf birth code (1 = single; 2 = twin; 3 = genetic abnormality), coat color, calving difficulty (1 = normal; 2 = easy pull; 3 = hard pull; 4 = caesarian section; note abnormal presentation, calf vigor (1 = normal; 2 = weak but nursed without assistance; 3 = weak and assisted to nurse; add any notes), calf survival (1 = normal; 2 = stillborn; 3 = died in delivery; 4 = died before 3 days; 5 = died before weaning), birth weight, weaning date, weaning weight, date of death and reason/notes, date of culling and reason/notes, and date of occurrence and notes related to any health issue.

    In Mississippi, data were collected on 203 spring and fall calving Angus, Hereford, and Charolais cows. Cows were managed for two A.I. breedings and placed with clean-up bulls for approximately 30 days. Cows calved from late August to mid-December (Fall 2010) and mid-January to mid-March (Spring 2011). The following data were collected on the cows: breed, sire/sire breed and dam/ dam breed of cow, birth date, mating information, predominant forage in pastures and if females were culled or died during production, reasons were documented. The following information was taken during calving season on all cows: calving date, calving difficulty (1 = normal; 2 = easy pull; 3 = hard pull; 4 = caesarian section; note the abnormal presentation of calf), and calf vigor issues (1 = normal; 2 = weak but nursed without assistance; 3 = weak and assisted to nurse; add any notes). Calf records included sire/sire breed of calf, birth weight within 24 hrs, weaning date, weaning weight, and documentation if calf died during the preweaning period or had health issues.

    In Texas, Two additional cycles of the genomics project have been started. Cycle 2 involves the production by natural service of all four types of Nellore - Angus reciprocal F2 crosses, to continue our evaluation of reciprocal differences in Bos indicus - Bos taurus crosses. Cycle 3 involves the production of F3 crossbreds from animals produced in Cycle 1.

    Objective 3: Establish a DNA bank for characterization of molecular markers, genetic parameter estimation and future discovery of genes that influence economically important traits in pedigreed beef cattle populations.

    In Louisiana, all participating locations have stored DNA, tissue, or white blood cells on calves at birth or shortly before weaning. All adult breeding animals have also had tissue and DNA banked for future studies as well. All DNA samples collected to date will be available for future analysis of molecular markers that may be associated with economically important traits. It is also important to note that all animals incorporated into the DNA repository have also had any performance data collected stored in a data base for the identification of outlier individuals that will be utilized for initial marker association studies. Approximately 2,000 animals of varying breed types and composition have been incorporated into the DNA repository. In conjunction with genomic material, all animals have had performance data recorded as well.

    In Mississippi, DNA samples were collected via whole blood and hair cards on spring and fall cow herds (n=209) and weaned calves from those herds in 2010 (n=149). Whole blood was collected and placed in 2ml cryotubes and stored in a -80°C freezer. Both blood samples and hair cards were stored for future reference. Information on each animal includes animal, sire and dam identification, breed, and location. DNA will be extracted in the future to find genetic markers associated with phenotypic data collected in objectives 1, 2, and 4.

    In Texas, for the cattle in Cycle 1 of the genomics project, DNA was extracted from either blood or semen for all of the grandparents and parents of the embryo transfer calves. For the embryo transfer calves, a small blood sample (about 5 cc) was collected shortly after birth; in addition, for male calves, the bottom of the scrotum and the testicles were saved for DNA extraction. Shortly before weaning, a larger (200 cc) blood sample was collected for each calf in the project. In the fall 2001, all cattle at the McGregor station, including the cattle in Objectives 1, 2, and 4 of this project, were bled for DNA extraction. In each successive year, calves are bled shortly before weaning. As discussed earlier, all cattle at the McGregor Station were bled for DNA extraction in the fall 2001; In 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, all calves at the station were bled prior to weaning; this includes all the cattle used in Objective 1b, 2, and 4 of this regional project. The blood is stored as white blood cell pellets in College Station. For the cattle in Cycle 1 of the McGregor Genomics Project, calves for all nine calf crops (spring and fall of 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and spring of 2007) were bled both at birth and shortly before weaning (5 and 200 cc collections, respectively).

    Objective 4: Evaluation of relationships between hair coat and production traits in beef cattle breed types

    In Mississippi, females from 2 yrs of age and older were evaluated for hair shedding scores by two trained independent observers at 28-day intervals beginning in March through July. Numerical hair shedding scores were assigned to cattle using the following scale: 1 - slick, summer hair coat, shedding complete (100% shed), 2 - hair coat not completely slick but more than halfway shed from the initial winter coat (75% shed), 3 - hair coat halfway shed from the initial winter coat (50% shed), 4 - hair coat shedding initiated but not halfway complete to a final slick coat (25% shed), 5 - winter hair coat with no evidence of shedding (0% shed). Weaning weights (d205) of Angus calves were affected by earlier shedding of winter coats by their dam. Angus cows that reached a shedding score of less than 3.5 by the first of May weaned calves 31.39 kg heavier than cows that shed later in the spring (P<0.01). As average visual score increased, percentage medium and long hair increased.

    In Texas, Angus yearling heifers (28 head), two year old heifers (26 head), and older cows (58 head, including 13 three year olds, 30 from 4 to 9 years of age, and 15 that were 10 years or older) at the McGregor station were scored in March, April and May by two separate evaluators using a numerical hair shedding scores (1 = Slick, shedding complete through 5 = Winter coat, no shedding). The average coat score in all groups except the two-year-olds decreased significantly from March to April; the decrease was significant in all age groups from April to May.

    In the Virgin Islands, hair coat characteristics of tropically adapted Senepol (n = 18) and crossbred (n = 11; Charolais X Angus X Senepol) calves at 118 d of age were evalauted. All calves were genotyped for the presence of the Slick Hair gene and hair coats were classified as smooth, rough or hairy. Hair was shaved in a 40.6 cm2 area over the left flank on each calf using electric clippers and collected into a preweighed sample bag. Hair samples were weighed and individual hairs were counted to determine hair weight and density. Individual hair weight was estimated by dividing the sample weight by number of hairs. All of the crossbred calves (11/11) and 22% (4/18) of Senepol calves were classified as heterozygous for the Slick Hair gene, and 78% (14/18) of Senepol calves were classified as being homozygous for the Slick Hair gene. The proportion of crossbred calves classified as having the hairy, rough or smooth phenotype was 36.4, 36.4 or 27.3 % respectively. The proportion of Senepol calves classified as having the hairy, rough or smooth phenotype was 5.6, 27.8 or 66.7 % respectively. Senepol calves had higher hair density than the crossbred calves. Calves that were homozygous for the Slick Hair gene had a greater hair density than heterozygous calves. Coat type influenced ADG from weaning to yearling in crossbred calves but not in Senepol calves. Differences in ADG may be more impacted by breed than by hair coat because of the low numbers of calves within each breed-hair coat category.

    Plans for upcoming year There are no significant deviations to plans and methodology as laid out in the project proposal. Data collection will continue and analyses results will be presented next year. Some locations were not able to collect data in 2010-2011 to contribute to this years report but will contribute to the project beginning in 2011 - 2012. There was productive discussion at the 2011 meeting to standardize the hair shedding scoring system with photos circulated to the committee. There was also discussion about using the same vaccine across locations for studies in Objective 1b. That format of data to be collected for Objective 2 was also discussed and will be distributed to each participating station. Individual state budget concerns may dictate access to animals and animal numbers for participants, but are not foreseen as a major threat to the success of the project.

    Impact Statements:
    1. Identification of animals found to be genetically resistant to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) could provide the basis for selection programs for cattle resistant to the disease. Typically 750,000 calves are weaned annually in Arkansas. Elimination of the price reduction ($30.00/hd) due to IBK could be worth $7,875,000 to Arkansas producers independent of the cost of treating the malady. Early vaccination of calves to BVDV could reduce the reported loss of $15.33 to $20.18/cow. If there was a 10% reduction in the incidence of BVDV, it could be worth $1,513,000 to Arkansas producers.
    2. There appears to be little to no incidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in calves at two locations in Louisiana. As additional data are collected and analyzed, more information will be forwarded to cattle producers in the multi-state area and publications developed for scientific dissemination.
    3. Genotyping of previously described QTL regions and candidate genes of known function offer the evaluation of potential marker associations with economically important traits in unique southern cattle populations. If the information on cow productivity leads to the identification of loci with major effects, this could lead to tests that would allow genotyping at these loci for use in marker assisted selection and/or genomic prediction. If mechanisms are identified that help explain reciprocal differences in Bos indicus  Bos taurus crosses this should allow for the development of more efficient crossbreeding programs.
    4. The evaluation of hair coat length/hair shedding patterns in conjunction with growth and reproductive performance should provide a basis of information that identifies animals that are genetically adapted to production environments, thus providing producers additional information for improved breeding decisions.
    Last Modified: 25-Jul-2011

    Date of Annual Report: 07/20/2012

    Report Information:
  • Annual Meeting Dates: 05/30/12 to 06/01/12
  • Period the Report Covers: 10/2011 to 09/2012

    • Participants:
    Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
    The third meeting of the S-1045 regional project technical committee was held on May 30 - June 1, 2012 at the MAFES Conference Center in Starkville, Mississippi. The meeting was officially called to order at 8:00 am by Dr. Trent Smith, S1045 Project Chairman for 2012. He welcomed the group along with Drs. Greg Bohach, George Hopper, Rueben Moore and Mark Crenshaw. Information was presented to the group during the welcome on Mississippi State University, the Agriculture industry in Mississippi, and the history of the MAFES Conference Center where the meetings were being held. Following the welcome, Dr. Joe West at the University of Georgia, Tifton was introduced as the new S1045 Administrative Advisor to the group. Dr. West was welcomed by the group.

    After an introduction of the committee members attending the meeting, Dr. Trent Smith asked for volunteers to be members of the Resolutions Committee and the Nominating Committee. The following members volunteered to be on the various committees: Resolutions Committee: Drs. Andy Herring, Bob Godfrey and David Riley Nominating Committee: Drs. Jim Sanders, Jeremy Powell and Brian Kutz Motion was made to accept the committees as presented and approved unanimously.

    Dr. Smith asked that each objective be discussed in whole before moving into discussion on the next objective. Discussion was initiated on Objective 1.

    Objective 1 - Estimation of genetic variation associated with susceptibility/resistance to specific measures of disease stress in cattle managed on forage. Objective 1a. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis, Coordinator Hayden Brown, UA Dr. Brown was unable to attend the meeting. Station reports were given by Drs. Smith (MSU), Kutz (UA), and Vann (MSU, Brown Loam).

    Objective 1b-Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex, Coordinator Andy Herring, TAMU Drs. Herring and Powell (UA) gave station reports.

    Objective 1c-Specific External Parasites, Coordinator Bob Godfrey, UVI A station report was presented by Dr. Bob Godfrey and Dr. Vann (MSU, Brown Loam) reported progress.

    Objective 2 - Characterize diverse, tropically adapted beef breeds in subtropical and temperate areas of the United States with emphasis on cow fertility and productivity in comparison to Bos indicus influenced breeds and types. Coordinator Gary Hansen, NCST. Dr. Hansen was asked to resend the spreadsheet for data arrangement. It was stated that Dr. Mauricio Elzo will conduct the analyses. Drs. Godfrey (UVI), Sanders (TAMU) gave station reports.

    Objective 3 - Establish a DNA bank for characterization of molecular markers, genetic parameter estimation and future discovery of genes that influence economically important traits in pedigreed beef cattle populations. Coordinators: Drs. Andy Herring, TAMU, Gary Hansen, NCST, and Trent Smith, MSU General methodology was reviewed for objective 3. It was decided that DNA samples will be collected and stored on site at each research station or arrangements need to be made for storage. If whole blood, collect in purple-top tubes (EDTA) and transfer to cryovial tubes for freezing. Buffy coat, hairs, tissue samples, cards (GeneSeek, FTA, Whatman) all are acceptable storage methods. Dr. Matt Garcia (LSU) will be contacted about storage and/or participation in this objective. Dr. Herring will send out summary form of DNA stored in previous year to all members. Members are to complete and submit for annual report to Dr. Smith in next 30 days. It was decided to coordinate this information with data accumulation in Objective 2.

    Objective 4 - Evaluation of relationships between hair coat and production traits in beef cattle breed types. Coordinators Bob Godfrey, UVI and Trent Smith, MSU. Drs. Smith and Sanders (TAMU) gave station reports. Dr. Godfrey reported results on this objective in conjunction with results for Objective 1c because of pooled data as part of another project. Dr. Powell began scoring cattle at UA this spring. Dr. Smith will mail out pictures of shedding pattern scores and other relevant scores to committee members.

    Administrative Advisor Report Dr. Joe West gave his first report as the Administrative Advisor. He recommended that a copy of the resolutions be sent along with a letter to Dr. David Morrison in recognition of his long service to this technical committee. He verified names of current committee members and reminded the group that the annual report is due in 60 days as well as the minutes. Project termination is scheduled in 2014. If we request an extension, it must be done the year prior to termination, which is next year. It would be good to have scientists from multiple disciplines and extension as technical committee members. There is a new director at NIFA; changes in NIFA/AFRI funding opportunities are uncertain.

    The committee discussed expansion of membership to other scientists. Potential contacts were discussed at multiple locations. The chair will send this list to Technical Committee members. Business meeting was called by Dr. Trent Smith. Dr. Smith requested reports from the nominating and resolution committees. The nominating committee (Drs. Jim Sanders, Jeremy Powell, and Brian Kutz) made the following nominations: Dr. Gary Hansen (chair), Dr. David Riley (chair elect) and Dr. Rhonda Vann (secretary). The nominated individuals were elected by unanimous vote.

    The resolution committee (Drs. Andy Herring, Bob Godfrey, and David Riley) submitted their report as follows:

    Whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is committed to improving beef cattle production systems in the southern region and other regions of the United States;

    And whereas the S-1045 Technical Committee is improved by exchange of research findings and approaches at different institutions and locations as well as observing different beef cattle production systems;

    Therefore, be it resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee expresses its gratitude to Dr. Trent Smith and the staff of Mississippi State University for hosting, planning, and coordinating its 2012 annual meeting in Starkville, MS. We would also like to thank these officials of Mississippi State University: Dr. Ruben Moore, Associate Director of Operations, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Dr. Mark Crenshaw, Interim Department Head, Animal and Dairy Sciences, Dr. Greg Bohach, Vice President of Division Agriculture, Forestry, Veterinary Medicine, Dr. George Hopper, Director of MAFES, Dean of College of Agriculture and Life Sciences;

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Mr. Milton Sundbeck, Town Creek Farms, for providing lunch and hosting us at his ranch, and Mr. Ron Flake for providing a tour of Town Creek Farms;

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Mr. Phil McClellan, Prairie Livestock, LLC, Mr. Gary Tanner, Tanner Farms, and Mr. Robert Field, Calyx Star Ranch for the educational tours and discussion of operations and facilities;

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Dr. Mikell Davis, Little Creek Farms, for hosting supper and tour of his operation;

    Be it also resolved that we would like to thank Mr. Cody Massey and Mr. William White of the MSU South Farm for the tour of facilities;

    Be it also resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee extends its thanks to Dr. David Morrison, LSU AgCenter, for his many years of leadership and commitment to committee activities and his friendship with Technical Committee members;

    Be it also resolved that the S-1045 Technical Committee extends its thanks to Dr. Joe West, University of Georgia-Tifton, for his enthusiasm and willingness to serve as administrative advisor of this project, and we look forward to working with him. Passed unanimously.

    Dr. Trent Smith initiated discussion for the date and location of next years meeting. Drs. Hayden Brown, Jeremy Powell, and Brian Kutz invited the group to meet in Fayetteville, Arkansas in 2013 on May 29-31st with the 29th as a travel day. The group unanimously accepted the invitation.

    The meeting was adjourned by Dr. Trent Smith.

    Accomplishments:
    This section of the report is presented by objective, and highlights new data that have been collected to date.

    Objective 1: Estimation of genetic variation associated with susceptibility/resistance to specific measures of disease stress in cattle managed on forage.

    Objective 1a - Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

    Arkansas Report:

    Procedures. Calves (n = 1300) were evaluated in 2009, 2010, and 2011 for Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) scars. At weaning, incidence of IBK was determined using a subjective scoring system where 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye, and 1 = evidence of IBK in one or both eyes. Calves were all Angus sired.

    Results. These data show that 13.62% of all calves evaluated had IBK scarring. The incidence of IBK for spring born calves was 20.75%, and the incidence of IBK for fall born calves was 3.21%. Non-scarred calves had heavier mean unadjusted weaning weight than scarred calves 242.5 vs 233.5 Kg.

    Procedures. In a preliminary analysis of the first two years (2009 and 2010) of these data (n = 868) genetic parameter estimates were determined for resistance/susceptibility to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were born in the spring and fall at three Arkansas locations in 2009 and 2010. All calves were sired by purebred Angus bulls registered with the American Angus Association, one of which was Bon View New Design 878, the in common sire among locations.

    Results. Scarring occurred in 19.6% of calves. Heritability, genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations were determined using variance component obtained with a single and two-trait animal model and MTDFREML. Fixed effects of contemporary group generated by birth year, season of birth, location and sex were included in the mixed model procedures. Age of dam and age of calf at weaning were included as covariates. Standard errors for the phenotypic correlations were estimated using residuals from the mixed model analysis. The single trait analysis, genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variances for IBK were 0.0778, 0.09099, and 0.09877, respectively. Estimates of heritability and environmental variance were 0.08 ± 0.074 and 0.92 ± 0.074, respectively. From the two trait analysis, genetic, environmental and phenotypic variation of IBK with birth weight were 0.27 ± 0.39, -0.03 ± 0.10, and 0.02 ± 0.03, respectively. The environment and phenotypic correlations of IBK with weaning weight were -0.29 ± 0.10 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively. In these data, the heritability of IBK is low, however, because of the small sample size additional data may be required to further explain the inheritance of resistance/susceptibility in calves to IBK.

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Procedures. Calves were evaluated at weaning in the spring (n=220) and fall (n=80).

    Results. No incidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis was apparent in these calves.

    Mississippi (Starkville) Report:

    Procedures. Angus (82), Hereford (10), and Charolais (37) calves were evaluated for evidence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis at weaning. Calves were born late August through mid November and were weaned the first week of May at about 205 days of age. A subjective scoring system was used where 0 = no evidence of IBK in either eye and 1 = evidence of IBK in one or both eyes.

    Results. All calves were given a score of zero which indicates no incidence of pink eye. Data are being stored in electronic files for later analysis for pooling with other stations for an overall analysis.

    Objective 1b: Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccination Response

    Arkansas Report:

    Procedures. Our interest in objective 1b involves response to early vaccination of calves. Cattle at the Arkansas station were vaccinated for BVDV (Pyramid 5) to determine Type 1 immunoglobulin response to vaccination. All calves had known sires. Weight and age were recorded for each calf. Serum was sent to Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for determination of lg response using viral neutralization.

    Results. At no time during the experiment did body weight (Table 1) differ (P e 0.51) between vaccination timing treatments. Similarly, neither pre-weaning nor post-weaning average daily gain, nor the combined average daily gain for the entire 231 days of the study were impacted (P e 0.84) by the timing of vaccination. Therefore, growth performance of calves was not negatively or positively impacted by MLV vaccination at 62 days of age. No calves were treated for BRD at either location pre- or post-weaning.

    Both treatments have equivalent titers at the start of the study which can be attributed to maternal transfer. Then by study day 21, the EV calves already exhibit greater BVDV titers at 3 weeks post initial vaccination (calves are approx. 81days of age at this point). Furthermore, EV calves continued to show increased titers while maternal antibodies declined in TV group at study day 126 (3 weeks prior to weaning). At weaning (study day 147), EV calves had greater titers even though both groups have been vaccinated once. EV calves maintain high serum antibody titers (BVDV) throughout 84-day post-weaning period and were statistically equivalent to TV calves.

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Procedures and Results. Calves in 2011, Spring (n=204) and Fall (n=80) and calves in 2010, Spring (n=202) and Fall (n=97) were all tested to be free of BVD persistent infection.

    Texas Report:

    Procedures. In 2010 (n = 78), 2011 (n = 104), and 2012 (n = 106) yearling, half-blood Angus-Nellore (F2 and F3) steers have been evaluated for immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). In all years, steers were tested to be free of BVD persistent infection and stratified by sire and composition type (F2 and F3) across three vaccine treatments of killed vaccine (KV), modified live vaccine (MLV), and non-vaccinated (NON). At d 0, all steers were challenged intranasally with BVDV Type 1b strain CA0401186a. Animals were monitored daily for clinical symptoms of BRD/BVD; weights and rectal temperatures were collected at d 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 42. A threshold rectal temperature over 40o C has been used to classify animals for temperature status during 14 d post-challenge and administering antibiotic treatment. Serum samples have been evaluated each year for antibody titer for IBR, BVD 1a, BVD 1b and BVD 2. Daily feed intake (DFI) and feeding behaviors such as total bunk visits and total bunk time were collected daily via a 4-pen Growsafe® system. Some specific analyses are discussed below.

    Steers (n = 104) born in the spring of 2010 were evaluated for rectal temperature, feed intake and weight gain in 2011. Mixed model, repeated measures procedures to analyze DFI included models with fixed effects of vaccine treatment (VAC), pen, day, sire, rectal temperature status (RTEMP), and two-factor interactions. ADG was calculated for the three-14 d periods following challenge with similar fixed effects plus d-0 weight as a covariate.

    Steers evaluated in 2010 and 2011 were investigated for relationships involving animal temperament (disposition) and immune response. Temperament scores of steers were evaluated shortly after weaning (8 mo age) on a 1-9 scale by four evaluators. Serum samples for antibody titer of BVDV (Types 1a, 1b and 2) were collected on vaccination days, BVDV challenge day (d 0), and 14, 28, and 42 d after challenge. Whole-blood samples for hematological counts were collected on d 0, 14, 28, and 42 post challenge. Pearson correlations of temperament score and titer and hematological measures were evaluated.

    A pooled analysis across both years was also conducted to evaluate effects of sire and composition (F2 and F3). Titers (reciprocal base two log of the highest neutralized dilution) were analyzed as repeated measures through mixed models utilizing an autoregressive covariance structure; fixed effects were vaccine treatment, day, vaccine treatment by day interaction, year, and sire nested within composition.

    Results. In regard to the 2011 challenge, no steers exhibited visual symptoms that would have led to a morbid classification; however, many had rectal temperature (RTEMP) over 40o C on evaluation d, including d 0 before challenge and on d 28 and 42; as a result RTEMP alone is likely not an ideal indicator of health status in these data. Also pen and several two-factor interactions involving pen were important (P < 0.05) sources of variation. There was an interaction of RTEMP status and d (P < 0.01) where in general, steers exhibiting over 40o C during d 3 to 14 had DFI depressed 0.2 to 0.6 kg/d from d 3 to 10 but appeared to compensate after d 14. A pattern existed in DFI where NON steers consistently ranked lower than KV and MLV steers for d 6-11. No differences in ADG were attributed to VAC or RTEMP status. Mean temperament scores were 4.2 in 2009-born steers and 5.9 in 2010-born steers. Several correlations (P < 0.05) between temperament score and the titer of BVDV (type 1a, b and 2), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were found. On d 0 temperament had correlation from -0.20 to -0.24 with BVDV titers. On d 14, these values were reduced (r of -0.15 to -0.20), and became non-significant at d 28 and 42. Lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts at d 0 were not correlated to temperament. Correlation of temperament and lymphocyte count at d 14 (r = -0.21) appeared similar to correlation of temperament and BVDV titers). Neutrophil counts were not related to temperament except at d 28 and 42 (r of -0.19 and -0.20, respectively); platelet counts had similar magnitude of relationship with temperament (P < 0.05) for d 14, 28 and 42, but were positive (r of 0.17 to 0.20). When mixed model analyses of titer and hematological measures incorporated the regression on weaning temperament score, it became non-significant as the large individual variability in titers seemed to overshadow the temperament influence.

    No differences existed between F2 and F3 steers. Large ranges in titer values among individual steers were observed, particularly for BVDV1b on d 14 among killed (0 to 12) and MLV (0 to 10) and day 28 for NON steers (3 to 9). Sire nested within composition affected (P = 0.003) IBR and approached significance (P = 0.09) for BVDV1b. LS means for IBR titers ranged from -1.04 to 2.19 for F2 sires and 0.12 to 2.20 for F3 calf sires. There was a large (P < 0.001) vaccine treatment by day interaction for IBR, and BVDV types 1a, 1b, and 2. Calves vaccinated with killed vaccine had higher (P < 0.05) titers at all post-challenge times compared to MLV or NON calves. NON calves had the lowest antibody titers from d 14 to 42 and appeared to reach peak titer at day 42 for all BVDV types (3.9, 7.5, and 2.9 for 1a, 1b and 2, respectively). MLV steers also had peak BVDV titers at d 42 (4.9, 7.4, and 3.0 for types 1a, 1b and 2, respectively). The killed treatment appeared to have peak BVDV titers on d 14 (9.2, 11.2, and 9.2 for types 1a, 1b and 2, respectively). These data indicate that variation among families in antibody response to vaccination and viral challenge can exist and that response across pathogens may not be uniform across families.

    Objective 1c: Specific External Parasites

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Procedures and Results. Calves in 2011, Spring (n=204) and Fall (n=80) and calves in 2010, Spring (n=202) and Fall (n=97) were evaluated for specific external parasites and approximately 5 animals each year (spring calves) were found to have a slight tick burden.

    Virgin Islands Report:

    Procedures. The tick burdens and hair coat of Senepol cows and calves were evaluated during the annual production cycle. Calves born in the Fall 2010 or Spring 2011 were evaluated at weaning (n = 45) and as yearlings (n = 37). Cows (n = 88) that calved in the Fall 2010 or Spring 2011 were evaluated at weaning. Weights were collected at each time for cows and calves. Tick burden was evaluated using a scale of 1= clean, 2 = slight, 3 = medium and 4 = heavy. Hair coat was evaluated as either 1 = slick or or 2 = rough.

    Results. The majority of calves (75-80%) had rough hair coats at weaning and as yearlings. Less than 30% of the calves were clean of ticks at weaning and as yearlings. Almost half of the calves had a light tick burden at weaning and as yearlings. There was no effect of hair coat or gender on tick burden. Calves with a heavy tick burden at weaning had lower weaning weight than calves classified as either light or clean. ADG from birth to weaning was lowest in calves with a heavy tick burden at weaning. There was no clear effect of tick burden on yearling weight or ADG from weaning to yearling. At weaning calves with a slick hair coat were heavier than those with a rough coat (262 ± 13 vs 222 ± 6 kg, respectively) but there was no difference at weaning. ADG was not different between slick and rough calves at weaning (0.93± 0.06 vs 0.87 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively) or yearling (0.36± 0.04 vs 0.36 ± 0.04 kg/d, respectively).

    The majority of cows (80%) had a slick hair coat at weaning. Forty five percent of cows had a light tick burden and less than 20% were clean at weaning. There was no difference in BW, condition score or hip height between coat types or tick burdens.

    Objective 2: Characterize diverse, tropically adapted beef breeds in subtropical and temperate areas of the United States with emphasis on cow fertility and productivity in comparison to Bos indicus influenced breeds and types.

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Procedures. Data were collected on a total of 325 cows each year in 2010 and 2011 for cow fertility and productivity. The 14 breeding groups include one F1 group, with the other groups varying in percentage Brahman influence.

    Results. None to report.

    Mississippi (Starkville) Report:

    Procedures: Data were collected on 148 fall calving Angus, Hereford, and Charolais cows. Cows were managed for two A.I. breedings and placed with clean-up bulls for approximately 30 days. Cows calved from September to December (Fall 2011). The following data were collected on the cows: breed, sire/sire breed and dam/ dam breed of cow, birth date, mating information, predominant forage in pastures and if females were culled or died during production, reasons were documented. The following information was taken during calving season on all cows: calving date, calving difficulty (1 = normal; 2 = easy pull; 3 = hard pull; 4 = caesarian section; note the abnormal presentation of calf), and calf vigor issues (1 = normal; 2 = weak but nursed without assistance; 3 = weak and assisted to nurse; add any notes). Calf records included sire/sire breed of calf, birth weight within 24 hrs, weaning date, weaning weight, and documentation if calf died during the preweaning period or had health issues.

    Results. None to report.

    Texas Report:

    Procedures. For the F1 cows born in 1992 and 1993, and sired by Boran, Brahman and Tuli bulls, calves have been produced from 1994 to 2011. Different sire breeds have been used in different years, and breed of sire of calf is almost completely confounded with year. Within a given year, all cows were bred to the same bulls. The results have been analyzed through the 2010 calf crop.

    Results. There were no significant differences in birth weight due to sire breed of the dam, with least squares means ranging from 34.0 to 34.1 kg. Calves out of Brahman sired cows were heaviest (P < 0.05) at weaning (236.7 kg), and those out of Tuli sired cows were lightest (P < 0.05; 197.2 kg); those out of Boran-sired cows averaged 217.5 kg. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between sire breed of cow and sex of calf with the steer calves out of Brahman sired cows being about 15 kg heavier than the heifers , whereas steers were only about 7 kg heavier than the heifers out of both Boran and Tuli sired cows.

    Boran sired cows had a higher (P < 0.05) calf crop born percentage (94.4) than the Tuli-sired (89.2) and Brahman-sired (87.2) cows, which were not significantly different from each other. For calf crop weaned, the Boran-sired cows (89.4%) were higher (P < 0.05) than the Brahman-sired cows (81.0%); the Tuli crosses (84.3%) did not differ significantly from the other two types.

    The Brahman sired cows were significantly heavier than both the Boran- and Tuli sired cows. Least squares means for the year 2000, when the cows were 7 to 8 years of age were 515.4, 518.7, and 601.9 kg for the Tuli-, Boran-, and Brahman-sired cows, respectively.

    Sire of cow breed differed for condition score (P < 0.001), with Boran-sired females having higher adjusted means than both Brahman- and Tuli-sired females, which were not significantly different from one another (5.43, 5.19, and 5.15, respectively).

    Mouths were scored starting in 2004, when the youngest cows were 11 years of age. Across the years that were evaluated, the Brahman- sired cows had a significantly higher percentage with solid mouths (40.3) than the Boran- and Tuli-sired cows (29.5 and 7.0%, respectively). Both the Brahman- and Boran-sired cows had significantly lower percentages with smooth mouths (12.6 and 16.7%, respectively) than the Tuli-sired cows (34.1%).

    Of the initial 52 Tuli-, 36 Boran- and 55 Brahman-sired cows, 14, 20 and 18, respectively, remained in the herd prior to culling in 2007, when the remaining cows were 14 and 15 years of age. After culling, 8, 17, and 10 remained, respectively. Of the original cows, 15, 47 and 18% of the Tuli, Boran-and Brahman crosses remained in the herd after culling in 2007. In 2008, 8, 17, and 9, respectively, were still in the herd prior to culling, and 5, 12, and 7 (10, 33, and 13%, respectively) remained after culling, when they were 15 and 16 years of age. Before culling in 2009, 4, 12, and 6 of the Tuli-. Boran-, and Brahman-sired cows remained in the herd, and 1, 8, and 4 (2, 22, and 7%, respectively of the original cows) remained after culling, when they were 16 and 17 years of age. Before culling in 2010, 1, 7, and 4 of the Tuli-. Boran-, and Brahman-sired cows remained in the herd, and 1, 3, and 2 (2, 8, and 4%, respectively of the original cows) remained after culling, when they were 17 and 18 years of age. All nine calf crops of Cycle 1 of the Genomics project (spring and fall of 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 and spring of 2007 for embryo transfer calves and spring of 2003 to 2007 for natural service calves) calves have been produced, and the steers from all nine calf crops have been fed individually and slaughtered. The heifers produced in the project were exposed to Angus bulls (at about 14 months of age) to calve at two years of age; fall-born heifers were exposed again at about 20 months of age. The two year-old fall-born females that calved in the fall at two years of age were held over to have their second calf in the spring when they were 3 ½ years of age. Thereafter, all cows are bred for spring calves. All of these calves were sired by Angus bulls, until the 2009 calf crop. Starting with that calf crop, all cows that are three years old and older have produced F3 calves sired by F2 bulls produced in the 2006 spring and fall calf crops of the Cycle 1. The cattle from these matings (the F3s) are the cattle of Cycle 3 of the project. Cows in the oldest group of Cycle 1 (i.e., the cows born in the spring 2003) currently are raising their seventh calves.

    Starting in 2006, reciprocal F1 NA bulls and heifers have been retained and combined with the Nellore-sired F1 NA cows and bulls from earlier studies to produce all four types of Nellore - Angus reciprocal F2 crosses in cycle 2 of the Genomics project. Only matings of Nellore-sired bulls to Nellore-sired cows were used to produce the NS F2 calves that were born in 2008. Both Nellore-sired and Angus-sired F1 bulls were mated to Nellore-sired F1 cows in 2008 to produce the calves that born in 2009. Both Nellore-sired and Angus-sired F1 bulls were mated to both Nellore-sired and Angus-sired F1 cows in 2009 and 2010. These matings will be continued until fifty females of each of the four reciprocal types of F2s are available for the evaluation of cow productivity. To the extent possible, animals of the four reciprocal types will be produced and evaluated as contemporaries.

    Virgin Islands Report:

    Procedures. Cow fertility and productivity were evaluated over a 3-year period for cows bred in 2008, 2009, 2010 to calve in the spring (n = 202) or fall (n = 98). Data collected reflect traits at breeding, calving and weaning. Cow data collected included weight, hip height and condition score (1 - 9). Cow efficiency at weaning was calculated as (BW of calf/cow BW at weaning)*100. Factors included in the analysis included pregnancy and lactation status of cows.

    Results. At breeding cows calving in the fall were heavier and had higher condition scores than the spring calving cows (619 ± 8 vs 564 ± 6 kg, respectively; 7.4 ± 0.1 vs 6.9 ± 0.1, respectively). At calving the fall calving cows were heavier than spring calving cows (628 ± 8 vs 585 ± 6 kg, respectively). There was no difference (P > 0.10) in hip height, condition score or calf birth weight. At weaning the fall calving cows were heavier, had greater hip height, higher condition score and lower calf weaning weight and cow efficiency compared to spring calving cows.

    Objective 3: Establish a DNA bank for characterization of molecular markers, genetic parameter estimation and future discovery of genes that influence economically important traits in pedigreed beef cattle populations.

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Progress. Each year all calves will have DNA collected and stored for characterization of molecular markers. Ear notches were collected on calves in 2011, spring (n=204) and fall (n=80) and calves in 2010, spring (n=202) and fall (n=97) and stored in -80°C freezer.

    Mississippi (Starkville) Report:

    Progress. DNA samples have been collected via whole blood and hair cards on fall 2010 weaned calves (n=122). Whole blood was collected and placed in 2 ml cryotubes and stored in a -80°C freezer. Both blood samples and hair cards were cataloged for future reference. Information on each animal includes animal, sire and dam identification, breed, and location. DNA will be extracted in the future to find genetic markers associated with cow reproductive and maternal traits and calf traits.

    Texas Report:

    Progress. For the cattle in Cycle 1 of the genomics project, DNA was extracted from either blood or semen for all of the grandparents and parents of the embryo transfer calves. For the embryo transfer calves, a small blood sample (about 5 cc) was collected shortly after birth; in addition, for male calves, the bottom of the scrotum and the testicles were saved for DNA extraction. Shortly before weaning, a larger (200 cc) blood sample was collected for each calf in the project. In the fall 2001, all cattle at the McGregor station, including the cattle in Objectives 1, 2, and 4 of this project, were bled for DNA extraction. In each successive year, calves are bled shortly before weaning.

    Objective 4: Evaluation of relationships between hair coat and production traits in beef cattle breed types

    Mississippi (Brown Loam) Report:

    Procedures. Calves were evaluated for hair coat scores including hair length, hair luster, and shedding. Hair samples were collected on calves in 2011, spring (n=204) and fall (n=80) and calves in 2010, spring (n=202) and fall (n=97) and samples weighed.

    Results. In 2011, calves (n=195) were evaluated for effect of sire and sire breed as well as calf sex on hair coat shedding, temperament and body weights. Sire breed, individual sire and calf sex all had significant (P < 0.002) effects on calf birth weight, pre-weaning and weaning weight as well as hair shedding and hair length. Sire breed and individual sire had significant (P < 0.05) effects on calf exit velocity at pre-weaning and weaning; as well as had significant (P < 0.0001) effects on pen score and temperament score at pre-weaning and weaning.

    Mississippi (Starkville) Report:

    Procedures. The objective of this trial was to determine the relationship between hair shedding and tympanic temperatures in Angus cows. A scoring system was developed to evaluate hair shedding in cattle based on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 = winter coat completely shed and a 5 = no shedding of the winter coat. Shedding scores were taken every 28 d from March to July. Cows were selected based on hair shedding score data collected in 2008 and 2009 and placed in groups based on ability or inability to shed during the spring of each year. Cattle with hair shedding scores of > 4 in June of each year were placed in the high (H) shedding group (n = 10), while cows with a score of < 3 by March were placed in the low (L) shedding group (n = 10). Tympanic temperature sensors were placed in the right ear of each cow in March, May, and July and temperature data were recorded by a data logger every 5 min for a period of 7 d. Due to loss of sensors during the trial period, only cattle with complete data were used in the data analysis (n = 5 for H and n = 7 for L). Total observations for the trial were 5,184 temperature points. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure in SAS with hourly average tympanic temperature (ATT) as the response variable with fixed effects of trial time period, hair shedding group and interactions. Ambient temperature was included as a covariate.

    Results. Overall, cattle from the H group had a greater ATT at 38.89±0.10 °C than the L group with an ATT of 38.36±0.08 °C (P < 0.01). When comparing across time periods, ATT from March and July were similar (P > 0.05) for both groups but, were greater than those recorded in May (P < 0.01). Average tympanic temperatures for cows in the H group were 38.84 ± 0.10 °C in March, 38.85 ± 0.10°C in May and 38.98 ± 0.10°C in July and were greater than (P < 0.01) those from the L group (38.45 ± 0.09, 38.27 ± 0.09, 38.37 ± 0.09°C for March, May, and July, respectively). Results suggest that hair shedding scores could be related to tympanic temperatures in Angus cattle.

    Procedures. The objective of the study was to assess variation in hair coat shedding of Angus cows, and its effect on adjusted weaning weight (d205wt) and BCS. Data were available from a combined set of 532 Angus cows from North Carolina and Mississippi over 3 years (2007, 2008 and 2009), beginning in March and for 5 months at 30 day intervals, trained technicians scored cows on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 representing slick coats and 5 winter coats. All cows were between 3 and 13 years of age and were only used in the analysis if they has weaned a calf. Cows calved in late autumn at the location in North Carolina and early autumn or late winter/early spring at the various Mississippi locations. For each cow the first month with a score of 3 or less (MFS, 5 levels) was considered the beginning of winter coat shedding and used in the analyses. Association between MFS and d205WT or BCS, was investigated using the mixed procedure of SAS. Data were further analyzed by dividing cows into two groups, group one (Group 1) were cows with a shedding score of 3 or less by June 1st and group two (Group 2) consisted of cows with a shedding score of 4 or 5 on June 1st (AS, 2 levels).

    Results. Calves from Group 1 dams were 11.1 ± 2.8 kg heavier at weaning (P < 0.01) than calves from Group 2 dams. No significant differences were found between shedding score and BCS. Variance components were estimated using THRGIBBS1F90 and heritability of AS was calculated (h2 = 0.35) with a moderate genetic correlation with D205WT (rg = -0.58). Hair coat shedding is a heritable trait and could be altered by selection. Producers within the Southeastern or Southern United States who are concerned about heat stress may want to select for individuals who shed their winter hair coat earlier in the season. In conclusion, cows who shed their winter coat by June 1st will wean heavier calves on average.

    Texas Report:

    Procedures. Starting in March 2011, Angus heifers and cows (58 head, including 13 three year olds, 30 from 4 to 9 years of age, and 15 that were 10 years or older) at the McGregor station were scored in March, April and May by two separate evaluators. Numerical hair shedding scores were assigned using the following scale: 1) Slick, summer hair coat, shedding complete 2) Hair coat not completely slick but more than halfway shed from the initial winter coat 3) Hair coat halfway shed from the initial winter coat 4) Hair coat shedding initiated but not halfway complete to a final slick coat 5) Winter hair coat with no evidence of shedding Least squares means have been calculated for age and month of scoring combinations.

    Starting in August 2011 cattle were scored for both the amount of old hair (that present from the previous winter) and the amount of new hair that they had grown. For both scores, the intention was to represent amounts of the full winter coat that remained (for old hair) and that had grown in since the middle of the summer. Starting in February 2012, shedding pattern has been scored using the following scale: 1) Slick, summer hair coat, shedding complete 2) The animal has shed off to below the middle of the rib cage 3) The slick strip covers the full topline and the back of the hindquarters 4) Shedding has started and there is a completely slick strip down the topline of the animal 5) Winter hair coat with no evidence of shedding, even down the topline

    Results. The average coat score in all groups except the two-year-olds decreased significantly from March to April; the decrease was significant in all age groups from April to May.

    Virgin Islands Report:

    Procedures and results are presented with Objective 1c.

    Plans for upcoming year There are no significant deviations to plans and methodology as laid out in the project proposal. Data collection will continue and analyses of results will be presented next year.

    Impact Statements:
    1. a. Genetic resistance to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) could eliminate price penalty ($30.00/hd) due to IBK in Arkansas, worth $7.8 M independent of treatment cost. Calf BVDV vaccination could reduce the loss of $15.33 to $20.18/cow, 10% reduction is worth $1.5 M. b. Hematology shows large genetic variation in response to BVDV challenge. c. Selecting for low tick loads may improve growth rate up to weaning. Selecting for slick instead rough hair coat may increase growth rate.
    2. Identification of loci with major effects on productivity could lead to tests to genotype for use in marker assisted selection and/or genomic prediction. Identification of mechanisms to explain reciprocal differences in Bos indicusBos taurus crosses may develop more efficient crossbreeding programs. Calving in the spring may be advantageous due to heavier calves at weaning, though lighter than fall calving cows, which may be related to the seasonal rainfall and forage quantity and quality.
    3. DNA will be available from many different populations to utilize molecular markers to validate traits of economic importance in the future.
    4. Hair shedding scores, although subjective, are well within the reach of both commercial and seedstock breeders. By using these scores and understanding their implications in cattle production, will aid them in the match of genetic resource to production resources. This could easily increase reproductive rate by 10%.
    Last Modified: 20-Jul-2012
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