S1049: Integrated Management of Pecan Arthropod Pests in the Southern U.S.
Annual/Termination Reports (SAES-422): [02/10/2011] [08/13/2012] [04/23/2013]
Date of Annual Report: 02/10/2011
Report Information:
Participants:
- Hall, Mike, mhall@agctr.lsu.edu - Louisiana
- Mulder, Phil, philmul@okstate.edu - Oklahoma
- Dutcher, Jim, dutcher@tifton.uga.edu - Georgia
- Edelson, Jonathan, Jonathan.edelson@okstate.edu - Oklahoma
- Sanderlin, Randy, RSanderlin@agcenter.lsu.edu - Louisiana
- Cottrell, Ted, ted.cottrell@ars.usda.gov - Georgia
- Shapiro-Ilan, David, david.shapiro@ars.usda.gov - Georgia
- Calixto, Alejandro, acalixto@tamu.edu - Texas
- Ree, Bill, w-ree@tamu.edu - Texas
- Franzen, Aaron, - Oklahoma
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
Attendees: Mike Hall (LA), Phil Mulder (OK), Jim Dutcher (GA), Jonathan Edelson (OK), Randy Sanderlin - plant pathologist (LA), Ted Cottrell (GA), David Shapiro-Ilan (GA), Alejandro Calixto (TX), Bill Ree (TX) and Aaron Franzen(OK)
Mike Hall served as acting chairman in place of Mark Muegge (TX)
First order of business was the election/appointment of Dr. Alejandro Calixto as the new secretary.
The next order of business was to discuss and meeting site for 2012. One possible meeting location for 2012 will be in Little Rock, Arkansas in conjunction with the combined Southeastern and Southwestern Branches of the Entomological Society of America meeting. A date for this meeting has not been decided. The S-1049 chairman or designee will coordinate with the branch meeting's local arrangement committee for obtaining a meeting room.
Dr. Edelson reported to the group concerning possible reduction of funds but that everything was still up in the air concerning the Hatch funds.
Objective # 1: Improved Management of Arthropod Pests
Dutcher (GA): Pheromone was not available for Prionus root borers in 2010. Put out malaise traps for Prionus root borers study.
Hall (LA): Continued working on a degree day model for pecan phylloxera, Phylloxera devastatrix that would give producers a possible treatment decision window . Past work has shown an approximate 60 day emergence period with peak emergence occurring around April 6-9 and gall formation occurring around mid-April. This information can be used with a bud break model that will be launched soon on http://pecan.ipmpipe.org.
Calixto (TX): A draft of a pecan scab prediction model is close to being ready for posting on the pecan information site, http://pecan.ipmpipe.org. Continued working to improved pecan pest profiles for states and regions. The pecan ipmPIPE system has been improved so producers can direct enter data. Conducted a pecan.ipmPIPE seminar at the national ESA meeting in 2010 where it received a lot of visibility. The pecan ipmPIPE system/program is looking for producer/industry champions from all states for system input for their respective states. New additions to the pecan.ipmpipe web site for producers include a searchable fungicide data base and a library.
Cottrell (GA): Conducted monitoring in pecan orchards for 2 exotic weevils: Fuller-rose beetle and the two banded Japanese weevil. Both are flightless and grubs feed on roots. Continued monitoring pecan orchards for the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys which has already been found in GA.
Ree (TX): Worked with volunteer pecan growers across the state in monitoring and interpreting pecan nut casebearer pheromone trap data. Trap data from volunteer producers are sent to Dr. Marvin Harris for posting on the pecan nut casebearer prediction site on http://pecan.ipmpipe.org.
Shapiro-Ilan (GA): No report
Objective # 2: Improved Control Systems for Pecan Arthropod Pests
Dutcher (GA): Reported that soil applied imidacloprid is not working very well against pecan aphids in GA. Reported that Nexter Miticide/Insecticide (AI - pyridaben; Gowan company) is effective against mites and aphids. Also, he is working with a new material from Dow.
Hall (LA): Working on improved methods (soil drench, trunk injections) of applications of insecticides for homeowners for improved phylloxera control. Soil applied treatment methods did not show much promise in 2010 however, more tests are planned for 2011.
Ree (TX): Insecticide efficacy studies were conducted against pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm and stink bugs. The hickory shuckworm tests were non-productive either due to lack of HSW pressure or the producer applying insecticides too late. Stink bug insecticide efficacy studies were done in collaboration with Hall and Cottrell plus assistance from Dr. Juan Lopez, USDA-ARS Southern Plains Station, College Station, TX where his lab conducted adult vial tests with the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus. An imidacloprid/blackmargined pecan aphid study was conducted with Dr. Lopez to look at resistance/susceptibility to this active ingredient. Preliminary studies show a wide range of susceptibility between an organic orchard and a "trouble orchard" . A two year EPA funded project which will start in 2011will continue this investigation.
Sharpiro-Ilan (GA): Continuing to look at nematodes as a control method for pecan weevil. Has observed 81 per cent control in studies. and will be looking at the number of applications needed for economic control. Will be looking at August applications of nematodes with a fungus. Applications of Metarhizium and Bavaria fungus achieved about 75 percent control of weevils. BioWorks has an organic formulation of Beauveria bassiana fungus. Studies have shown that clover under that canopy seems to enhance the efficacy of nematodes and fungi for pecan weevil management.
Cottrell (GA): Conducted insecticide efficacy studies on stink bugs in collaboration with Hall (LA) and Ree (TX). Conducting a host plant resistance study in collaboration with Dr. L.J.Grauke, USDA-ARS Pecan Breeding and Genetics Station, College Station, TX and will be looking at IGR materials for black pecan aphid management.
Objective #3: Integrate Pecan Arthropod Pest Control Methods with Pecan Production Methods
Cottrell (GA): Looking at black pecan aphid biology. A grad student working with BPA observed 50% of the population on the lower surface of the leaf and 50% on the upper surface. This population distribution is thought to be a possible defense or avoidance strategy to escape natural enemies.
Dutcher (GA): Reports that exto-parasites and natural enemies are catching up with the harmonia lady beetle. There is one strain of fungus that affects harmonia and another strain that attacks Olla-v nigrum.
Shapiro-Ilan (GA): In lab studies carbaryl and cypermethrin were synergistic with nematodes while Beauveria bassiana was antagonistic with cypermethrin
.Objective #4: Develop real-time Decision Aids for Delivery on the internet
Discussions centered on the http://pecan.ipmpipe.org. web site. The pecan.ipmpipe web site is a growing platform that is transferring real time pest information to stake holder to the pecan industry. The platform has the ability to receive input from all disciplines - horticulture, plant pathology, weed science and entomology to provide and deliver information across the pecan belt. New additions to the platform will include a bud break model and a scab prediction model.
Bill Ree, Secretary
Accomplishments:
Impact Statements:
Date of Annual Report: 08/13/2012
Report Information:
Participants:
- Johnson, Don -- University of Arkansas
- Cowell, Brian -- University of Arkansas
- Lewis, Barbara -- University of Arkansas
- Harris, Marvin -- Texas A&M University
- Ree, Bill -- Texas A&M university
- Muegge, Mark -- Texas A&M University
- Reed, Bill -- Kansas State University
- Shapiro-Ilan, David -- USDA-ARS, Byron, GA
- Cottrell, Ted -- USDA-ARS, Byron, GA
- Hall, Mike -- Louisiana State University
- Ring, Dennis -- Louisiana State University
- Leonard, Rogers -- Louisiana State University
- Johnson, Tiffany -- New Mexico State Universtiy
- Mizell, Russ -- University of Florida
- Dutcher, Jim -- University of Georgia
- Watson, Clarence -- University of Arkansas
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
Little Rock, Arkansas4 March 2012
Mike Hall, Chairman presiding
Business meeting:
Election of new project leaders: David Shapiro-Ilan as the Vice Chair, Secretary: Don Johnson
2013 Meeting Site: Las Cruces, NM in conjunction with Western Pecan Growers Meeting
Comments: Admin. Advisor C. Watson: project update due in 2015; federal agricultural budget predicted to be flat perhaps decreased; consider applying for a 2013 award for best regional project, Dr. Watson will help put it together.
LSU situation from Rogers Leonard who is assistant experiment station director: discussed the plan for consolidation of facilities, one of which is the LSU Pecan Research Center due to budget constraints and imminent domain condemnation for new highway through current location grounds. Within next 7 years the Center is likely to close with faculty moved to other locations and new pecan research resources established. Some commentary on the need for continued investment in the program ensued.
Objective 1: Improved Monitoring and Forecasting Methods for Field Populations of Pecan Arthropods Objective
- TAMU: nut casebearer model is now a regional effort through pecan ipmPIPE. Nut casebearer has been shown to break diapause in response to host volatile chemicals at budbreak. Budbreak data (when shoot growth e 5cm) can be used as a start date for Ring emergence model for nut casebearer.
Black-margined pecan aphids: use of water-sensitive cards showed that you can show differences among cultivars (Pawnee (least) vs Cheyenne (worst), others) in a 2 hour bioassay (Honekers M.S. thesis). Results indicate a genetic basis making the bioassay useful for selective breeding evaluations of cultivars.
- UGA: Pheromone work with tile-horned prionids is very positive using large panel traps. Adult captures are very high of males- buckets full of several species. Two main species in pecan are bad pests in GA in water stressed-low areas as well as trees with other stresses, ex. crown grow gall.
Five states are going to monitor for brown marmarated stink bugs to determine presence. Ted Cottrell indicated that the Rescue stink bug trap did not allow capture of the other brown species due to heat buildup in the dome part.
- LSU: monitoring pecan phylloxera with sticky tape rings but tools looks to labor intensive for grower use.
- USDA-ARS: Pecan weevil control with microbials: Beauvaria is endemic in most of southeast and ground cover enhances persistence and efficacy. Looking at use of composted poultry manure applied with microbials to determine use. This doubled the amount of Beauveria. Also, are looking at development of tools for organic production for key pests such as bacterial products and Iseria.
Bifenthrin has been determined to be best for stink bug control as well as for some other pests such as aphids and weevils. Residual lasts at least 10 days. Danitol is effective against brown stink bugs. Lorsban is not good against brown stink bugs. A comment on dimilin use indicated that black pecan aphids are increased significantly by its use, reasons unknown.
- TAMU: aphid insecticide tests were conducted with black margin aphid. A handout was provided on results with imidicloprid use. It worked well in some orchards but not others. There are about 20 of these neonic products available to producers. Need recommendations for their use in pecan. Data indicates that overuse develops resistant aphid strains relatively rapidly.
- NMSU: working on black margined aphid nutrition, population dynamics and genetics.
Objective 3. Integrate Pecan Arthropod Pest Control Methods with Pecan Production Methods
- TAMU: In Mexico it has been observed that nut casebearer infestations in late season may reach 60%.
- USDA-ARS: plant growth regulator work testing concentrations indicated very little if any side effects.
Objective 4. Develop real-time Decision Aids for Delivery on the Internet
- TAMU: ipmPIPE project. It is an extension website for technology transfer. However, underneath the extension portions are a number of databases that may be used for research in the form of informatics, etc., most of the pecan literature is being one. Also, the site is being used for teaching in IPM courses. It also has search engines for insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides with a label, MSDS form, etc. There is a resistance management discussion section for these tools and a budget tool for producer economic considerations in pecan production. Interactive tools have been (casebearer) or are being developed for use in the future by producers to enter realtime data for decision making as well as archival for future research purposes. By USDA NAS statistics there are ~20,000 U.S. pecan growers. The site is visited by about 10% of the growers. Future funding and ownership: funds have been applied for through the SCRI CAPS proposal for maintenance of the site over the next 5 years. Other funds are needed to continue new additions to the site. Other ipmPIPE sites do have chemical company logos that are paid for by commercial providers. Another idea was selling prescriptions to the site or placing a donate button on the site whereby anyone can contribute.
Accomplishments:
Impact Statements:
Date of Annual Report: 04/23/2013
Report Information:
Participants:
- Bill Ree (TAMU, Chair) -- w-ree@tamu.edu
- Donn Johnson (UA, Secretary) -- dtjohnso@uark.edu
- Jim Dutcher (UGA) -- dutch88@uga.edu
- Mike Hall (LSU) -- MHall@agcenter.lsu.edu
- Marvin Harris (TAMU) -- m-harris@tamu.edu
- Tiffany Johnson (NMSU) -- shimsham@nmsu.edu
- Allen Knutson (TAMU) -- a-knutson@tamu.edu
- Phil Mulder (OSU) -- phil.mulder@okstate.edu
- Mark Muegge (TAMU) -- mmuegge@ag.tamu.edu
- Bill Reid (KSU) -- wreid@ksu.edu
- Larry Blackwell (NMSU) -- larry@nmsu.edu
- Clarence Watson (UA, Administrative Advisor) -- cwatson1@uark.edu
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
Opening Comments: Charlie Graham will take over Mike Halls position on the pecan meeting and will be the sole pecan researcher in LA.
Selection of 2014 Meeting Site: Charles Rohla gave us two dates for our 2014 meeting at the Noble Foundation in Ardmore, OK. In April, the membership was canvassed and it was agreed that the S-1094 Pecan meeting will occur from 17 to 19 February 2014. It was proposed that we arrive on Monday February 17th, (late afternoon or evening), hold the meeting on Tuesday February 18th, and then have a tour of the facility or nearby orchards for a ½ day on Wednesday February 19th prior to departure.
Election of new project leaders: David Shapiro-Ilan as the Chair; Donn Johnson as the Vice Chair, and Russ Mizell elected as the Secretary
Mike Hall showed photo of pecan meeting from the 1970s said he could distribute photo to those who want it
Administrative Advisor Comments: Clarence Watson: Project update due in 30 September 2015. Government sequester that happened March 1 will affect formula funds and see 5 to 8% cut. No idea about effects on grant funds. Need re-write committee set up next spring. Donn will email a reminder for members to submit to him recent publications to attach to the meeting minutes.
Discussion of Accomplishments by Objective:
Objective 1: Improved Monitoring and Forecasting Methods for Field Populations of Pecan Arthropods
Bill Reid (KSU) working on pecan nut casebearer in managed native pecan grove. Been able to relate # flowers and # of clusters to yield: guidelines after flower drop, count # nuts per clusters and if > 2.9 nuts per cluster you do not need to treat; if < 2.4 nuts per cluster you need to treat; the in between then go look at unmanaged native pecans or hickories outside grove. Discussion, growers do not want to check traps or count nuts per cluster.
Tiffany Johnson (NM) surveys for PNC but not much flight since -9p F freeze of Feb 2010.
Marvin Harris (TAMU): PNC in hibernaculum need green tissue volatiles to initiate development of larvae. Brad went to a Mexican blend lure for PNC which catches both strains of PNC. Blackmargined aphid - water sensitive cards correlated aphid density with honeydew density on cards. Honey dew index is a reliable measure of susceptibility to blackmargined aphid (Honaker paper). Use a honeydew index to note trees with most susceptibility to aphid. USDA will use this index to characterize susceptibility of blackmargined aphid. Pawnee is most efficient in attracting natural enemies of aphids to honeydew. Honeydew cards give an estimate of honeydew per acre and can estimate how much aphid removes from plant as kg sugar/ha Cheyenne cultivar has enough sugar removed to warrant treatment. Pawnee did not have enough sugar removed to justify treatment but infestations occur later than other cultivars. Kiowa is intermediate. Intrinsic rate of aphid increase is less on Pawnee than on Cheyenne.
Jim Dutcher (UGA) sampling work with aphids use shoot count for aphids and use sticky boards and malaise traps for natural enemies (lady beetles). Five shoots/tree sampling could detect fast increase in aphid outbreaks in late August to October. Blackmargined aphid only exceeded threshold in 5 of 7 yrs in late August to October and yellow aphid only exceeded threshold in 3 of 7 yrs. Use Intrepid against PNC and did not get aphid outbreaks. Obscure scale can kill the stems. This scale has been in outbreak in some groves but has 1 generation per yr sampling scale by sampling new shoots and old shoots. Prionus borer sampling looked at concentration of pheromone from 1 vs 3 lures/trap (1 µl to 3 µl pheromone) noting 1 µl lure captured most adults. Peak capture up to 140 beetles per trap. Have two species. Possible tactic would be to mass trap them out of area. Water stress is important see more borers in trees with crown gall or water stress. Have a native ambrosia beetle that attacks water stressed trees. Took video of Prionus oviposition at base of tree by roots.
Mike Hall (LSU) trying to get growers to use PNC traps.
Bill Ree (TAMU) looking from leaf burst to leaf expansion with timing of insecticide against phylloxera crawlers. Does this sampling work on different cultivars? Need some regional validation. Emergence and bud development in southern Arkansas and northern LA were similar. Looking at degree day model. Thinking about a JIPM article on phylloxera.
Donn Johnson (UA) discussed stink bugs thermal foggers formulated permethrin for foggers Golden Eagle to sample trees wait ½ hr and use leaf sucker to suck up stink bugs off ground cloth. Need a progressive history of a cohort of nuts caged at different times of season and use life table to assess effects of SB. Do some molecular studies to determine damage from stink bug species that punctured nuts. Then relate it back to species that caused it. Phil Mulder (OSU) still does PNC sampling. He has a tenured faculty position being filled that will be responsible for pecan and serve as pesticide coordinator.
Objective 2: Improved Control Systems for Pecan Arthropod Pests
Tiffany Johnson (NMSU) did some efficacy for blackmargined aphid. Imidacloprid resistance study is looking at acetylcholine receptors.
Jim Dutcher (UGA) A mite similar to (no ID yet) southern red mite in Albany, GA - Nextor, Portal, Acramite - all worked well, where Acramite conserved predatory mites. In July 2003, had control with release of 1000 predatory mites, T. occidentalis, in middle tree of orchard and spread to other trees best to use the shaker release and to date no mites in that orchard. Zeal miticide killed spider mites for 4 weeks. Some concern with blackmargined aphid control. Growers using Fulfill or Beleaf that affect feeding of aphids. Closure worked well for 2 years and then third year efficacy dropped off. Higher rates of insecticides may cause resurgence because aphids increase faster than lower rates.
Mark Muegge (TAMU) aphid resistance study imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam none were effective; Belief and Fulfill were effective against aphids. PNC mating disruption put out prior to 1st flight that shut down trap catch but not egg laying and nut entry. Discussed Mating Disruption dissemination method paint gun globs vs. flowable microencapsulated.
Bill Ree (TAMU) imidacloprid (group 4A) and Belay (group 4A) worked well where not used much in past. Many formulations of imidacloprid so price is cheap many for $2.5/spray/acre. Look at alternatives to imidacloprid for rotating modes of action. Closer (Group 4C) and Beleaf both worked well. Recommendations for imidacloprid
Mike Hall (LSU) phylloxera sprays from 4 to 1 spray by spraying at leaf burst. Recommendation spray phylloxera at leaf burst. Rotate imidacloprid, with Fulfill, lorsban. Check water pH to be sure it is neutral to improve efficacy. Excess Imidacloprid use was often followed by leaf drop due to scorch mite.
Objective 3: Integrate Pecan Arthropod Pest Control Methods with Pecan Production Methods
See Objective 1 comments by Bill Reed.
Marvin Harris (TAMU) - Discussion on mixture sprays for insurance what is the harm? Cause resurgence and secondary pests and resistance development.
Objective 4:> Develop real-time Decision Aids for Delivery on the Internet
Bill Reed (KSU) northern pecan blog add pictures with short descriptions, update twice a week, growers feed information to blog, lot of hits to blog (8,000 hits/month, cost $2/month).
Jim Dutcher (UGA) information on Bugwood.
Bill Ree (TAMU) use email transfer of information
Mike Hall (LSU) use email transfer of information
Discussion on need for plant pathologist in fruit and nuts
Phil Mulder (OSU) submit to electronic newsletter to agents called Pest e-Alerts; OK Pecan Grower Newsletter.
Marvin Harris (TAMU) PecanipmPIPE.org program static information has limits as a base tool; tie information online with blogs. First funded in 2008. To date, four definitive publications have been written on genesis of ipmPIPE. Facilitate communication of information between pecan stakeholders. Expected to be a dynamic program. Website is the public window. It has one IT design person and another IT person who develops interactive pages like PNC risk model that gets cooperator data input and IT person uploads it to the risk map. Some problems occurred with misidentification of budmoth as PNC which comes out earlier than PNC. No money in 2013 for PNC traps and lures. Growers need to buy their own trap supplies. PNC forecast model needs new security installed before 2013 so grower data can be submitted for processing ($5,400 from TAMU Entomology department). You can still enter your own PNC forecast data. Risk to the program is the University fear of Internet security concerns due to online banking, etc. Thinking it may move from .org to another server. Mark Muegge (TAMU) is in charge of administering ipmPIPE and dollars for future maintenance. Who pays to keep ipmPIPE risk free from hackers? Allen Knutson (TAMU) ipmPIPE should be moved to an extension website and they can deal with the security issues. Mark Muegge (TAMU) asks what to do with ipmPIPE in 2013. Mike Hall (LSU) says lets the TAMU administration deal with this problem. Phil Mulder (OSU) asked if ipmPIPE was to be stakeholder supported (subscription) to maintain pecan stakeholder property. We need to make them an active part of taking over the ipmPIPE.org program.
Marvin Harris (TAMU) need some real-time weather for the pecan scab. Noted that the further you are from a weather station and difference in elevation the worse the prediction. We can enter phenological data on date of leaf burst (ipmPIPE has pictures) for a particular cultivar on the website. Need to have conformity in phenology terminology: outer scale split, inner scale split, leaf burst, leaf expansion. Update by experts the ipmPIPE search engine information for each pesticide group and the library information. From 2003 to 2011, questionnaires to pecan growers have become more likely to use scientific articles via in ipmPIPE. Copyright issues are honored on scientific articles. Mentioned 2012 publication titled: Producers adoption of ipmPIPE program &. - noted 3200 return users in 2012 compared to lesser numbers in earlier years. There was a direct relationship between location of users and pecan grower locations and impact data for the growers benefit $1M per yr and another $1M benefitting growers in another state. There has been request by stakeholders to broaden the leadership in ipmPIPE.
Bill Ree (TAMU) for the insecticide search engine, he asks that we go through list of updated labels for pecan.
Updates on SCRI Grant Proposal
Old Business - none
New Business
Motions:
1) Marvin Harris (TAMU) requested motion so Phil Mulder (OSU) moved and Bill Ree seconded and motion approved to: broaden leadership of S-1049 Integrated Management of Pecan Arthropod Pests in the Southern U.S. from only entomology to 5 disciplines (weed science, entomology, horticulture, plant pathology, agriculture economics) with one producer from each nut producing region.
2) Marvin Harris (TAMU) discussed and group approved in principle: he wants to compose a letter to communicate with pecan grower associations the value/benefits of the Pecan ipmPIPE and each state pecan researcher/extension group could tailor a complementary letter to request support from state pecan grower organizations adding an option to annual dues to donate to supporting Pecan ipmPIPE. This would indicate grower interest in the Pecan ipmPIPE program supported by pecan research and extension programs.
3) Marvin Harris (TAMU) requested motion
Adjourn 6:00 pm
Accomplishments: